BV  2765  .P55  1906 
Phillips,  A.  L.  1859-1915 
The  call  of  the  home  land 


The  Call  of  the 
Home  Land 

A    STUDY  IN  HOME  MISSIONS 


By  A*  L,  PHILLIPS,  D.  a 


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The  Call  of  the 

HOHE  LAND 

S^  2^  2^  S^  S^  2^  2^  S^  S^  S^  S^  9^  2^ 

A  STUDY  IN  HOME    MISSIONS 


By  A.  L,  PHILLIPS,  D,  D* 


CoPYKIGST  hT 

A.  L.  PHILLIPS. 
1906. 


Ifbtratwn 


To  the  young:  men  and  women  of  America,  in  collegre  and 
out,  v7ho  "wo\ild  yield  up  their  lives  to  God  at  the  call  of  the 
home  land. 


CONTENTS 

Chapter.  Page. 

I.     The  Entrance  and  Spread  of  Christianity  in 

North  America ^   .   .   .      15 

II.     The   Advance    Guard    of    Civilization:     The 

Frontiersman 31 

III.  The  Stranger  Within  Our  Gates:  The  Immi- 

grant        51 

IV.  A  Race  Problem :    The  Negro  in  the  South  .    .      71 

V.     Redeeming  a  City:     City  Missions 93 

VI.     A  Problem  of  Isolation:    The  Mountaineers 

of  the  South 115 

VII.     A  Problem  of  Reconstruction:    The  Country 

Church 133 

VIII.  The  Making  of  a  Boy :    Boys'  Club 149 

Conclusion   ,,..,.. •.,..,,..    155 


INTRODUCTION. 

Most  of  the  Christians  in  America  will  serve  i.  The 
God  and  die  at  home.  Our  restlessness  causes  us  Problems 
to  travel  freely  and  often  in  our  own  country. 
Wherever  we  go  in  it  we  iind  the  Church  of  Christ 
at  work.  Just  how  it  came  to  our  shores  and 
reached  its  present  development  and  what  part 
each  of  the  great  denominations  has  played  in  the 
conquest  of  the  land  are  matters  of  the  deepest  in- 
terest to  all  intelligent  persons.  On  every  side 
problems  press  for  solution.  The  frontier  line  is 
to  be  extended  further  into  the  wilderness,  and  civ- 
ilization must  be  established  on  the  happy  hunting 
grounds  of  savages.  Into  oux  favored  land  there 
is  pouring  an  ever  increasing  stream  of  foreigners 
of  different  languages  and  customs,  all  seeking  to 
improve  their  condition.  Scattered  throughout  the 
vast  region  which  we  call  the  South  are  millions 
of  Negroes  whose  condition  and  prospects  consti- 
tute a  grave  question.  In  our  cities,  great  and 
small,  dense  masses  of  people  are  crowded  in  pov- 
erty, ignorance,  and  sin.  In  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  there  are  thousands  of  our  brothers 
living  in  isolation  without  the  opportunities  to 
which  they  are  entitled  as  free  citizens.  In  many 
regions  the  country  churches  have  been  weakened 
by  the  removal  of  their  members  until  their  very 
existence  is  threatened.     The  multitudes  of  boys 

9 


10  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

in  our  towns  and  cities,  driven  to  labor  and  drawn 
to  vice,  call  aloud  for  the  investment  of  thought- 
ful effort.  Here  and  there  our  institutions  are 
attacked  by  the  teachings  of  false  religion,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  Mormons.  Throughout  the  whole 
land,  but  especially  in  our  great  industrial  cen- 
ters like  Pittsburg  or  Birmingham,  the  problems 
of  the  laboring  man  call  for  Christian  statesman- 
ship. The  drink  curse  is  ever  present  with  us, 
enslaving  its  miserable  victims  and  then  slaying 
them.  Good  citizenship  does  not  shut  its  eyes 
or  its  ears  to  these  matters.  Every  man  is  inter- 
ested in  their  solution.  To  the  college  man  they 
appeal  with  special  force,  because  he  has  been 
trained  to  investigate  cause  and  cure.  This  little 
volume  aims  to  present  some  of  these  problems, 
with  hints  at  solution  in  the  light  of  the  cross  of 
Christ  for  our  young  people.  Before  dealing 
with  these  problems  directly,  it  may  be  wise  to 
spend  a  little  time  in  a  thoughtful  consideration 
of  the  best  method  for  studying  and  teaching  them. 
a.  Collection      -pj-^g  jjgg^  method  of  mission  study  today  requires 

of  material  .  .  .  . 

certain   material    for   reference    and    illustration. 

Each  leader,  and  as  far  as  possible  every  class, 

should  have  easy  access  to  most  of  the  books  named 

in  this  volume.     By  exercising  forethought  and 

using  the  talents  of  the  class,  a  number  of  charts 

may  be  made,  giving  a  graphic  representation  of 

certain  phases  of  the  problem  under  consideration. 

Each  leader  should  make  for  himself  a  collection 


Introduction  11 

of  clippings  bearing  on  each  subject,  and  he  should 
encourage  the  members  of  his  class  to  do  the  same. 
Strong  envelopes  properly  labeled  will  serve  quite 
well  for  this  purpose.  The  introduction  of  curios 
will  prove  now  and  then  of  great  interest.  A  well 
digested  and  carefully  classified  collection  of 
leaflets  will  prove  of  the  highest  value.  They  can 
be  gotten  from  the  denominational  Home  Mission 
Societies  or  Boards  at  a  trifling  cost.  An  enter- 
prising leader  will  keep  his  eye  on  the  magazines 
for  fresh  matter  g,nd  good  pictures.  A  class  is  de- 
pendent on  maps  for  giving  history  and  biography 
a  lodging  place.  This  is  emphatically  a  day  of 
cheap  and  excellent  pictures,  which  may  be  had 
from  the  picture  companies,  magazines,  railroad 
guide  books,  and  by  use  of  the  camera. 

After  the  lesson  has  been  studied  carefully  and  3'  Prepara- 
the  materials  for  illustration  are  all  at  hand,  the 
leader  sits  with  his  class  eager  to  pass  on  the  truth 
which  he  has  learned.  He  first  sees  to  the  physi' 
cal  comfort  of  his  class.  If  he  be  wise,  he  will 
have  a  few  minutes  of  earnest  prayer  for  guid- 
ance, several  persons  leading  briefly.  Entering 
the  thought-world  of  his  pupils,  the  teacher  will 
bring  forward  some  idea  that  is  familiar  to  all 
and  hold  it  before  the  class  until  each  one  is  atten- 
tive. He  gradually  leads  up  to  his  subject  and  by 
skilful  questions  and  suggestions  he  awakens  in- 
terest. Holding  firmly  to  what  is  known,  he 
brings  into  vigw  the  pew  thought  close  akin  to  it 


12  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

Presenta-  rj^^Q  q^j  {^q.^  welcomes  its  new-found  kinsman 
and  bids  it  be  at  ease  in  the  mind.  The  new  idea 
is  now  established  and  its  qualities  are  described 
at  leisure  and  in  detail.  In  order  that  it  may  be- 
come living,  it  should  be  thoroughly  illustrated  in 
various  ways.  : 

5.  Aquisi-       The  class  now  takes  the  new  matter  up  for  seri- 

^°^  ous  consideration.  It  is  divided  into  paragraphs, 
into  sentences ;  its  objects  and  actions  are  separated 
and  named.  One  statement  is  compared  with 
another,  or  with  other  knowledge,  and  things  that 
are  alike  are  classed  together.  Then  from  this 
analysis,  comparison,  and  classification  comes  a 
general  statement  of  the  truth  to  be  taught.  This 
statement  should  alw^ays  be  framed  by  the  class 
with  the  aid  of  the  leader. 

6.  Repro-       In  Order  that  the  possession  of  an  idea  may  be 
duction  |^g^g(j^  reproduction  is  necessary.     Pupils  should 

be  encouraged  to  tell  what  they  have  learned  in 
their  own  language,  and  for  the  sake  of  complete- 
ness and  accuracy  of  statement  it  should  be  written 
now  and  then, 
r.  Appiica-  All  missionary  truth  is  acquired  in  order  to 
stimulate  action ;  it  is  intended  to  move  somebody 
to  do  something  somewhere.  It  is  necessary, 
therefore,  that  the  truth  acquired  and  reproduced 
should  be  applied.  An  act  of  teaching  involves  the 
enlightenment  of  the  mind,  the  excitement  of  the 
emotions,  the  awakening  of  the  conscience,  and  the 
action  of  the  will.     To  stop  short  of  the  last  step 


Introduction  1^ 

is  to  miss  a  point  indeed.  Mission  study  should 
lead  directly  to  prayer ;  it  should  greatly  increase 
giving  and  should  surely  multiply  decisions  for 
personal  surrender  to  mission  service  as  a  life- 
interest  and  a  life-service. 

Get  a  clear  viev^  of  the  object  of  this  course  of  8.  Tie  it  up 
study :  Make  a  complete  collection  of  material  for 
illustration — books,  charts,  clippings,  curios, 
leaflets,  magazines,  maps,  and  pictures.  At  the 
appointed  time,  in  a  comfortable  and  quiet  place, 
with  attention  seized  and  interest  held,  under  the 
guidance  of  God's  Spirit,  present  the  lesson  and 
illustrate  it.  After  analysis,  comparison,  and 
classification,  let  your  class  form  general  state- 
ments and  carefully  reproduce  them.  Show  how 
the  truth  applies  to  life.  Thus  you  will  really 
teach  the  truth,  and  have  part  in  the  noblest  work 
given  to  the  sons  of  men. 


I 

The  Enteaj^ce  and  Spread  of  Christianity 
IN  North  Ajviekica. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Sixteenth  Century  the  i-  condi- 
religious  life  of  Europe  was  marked  by  ignorance  Europe 
and  corruption — ignorance  as  to  the  fundamental 
teachings  of  the  Bible  and  corruption  in  public 
and  private  morals.  Here  and  there  one  might  see 
signs  of  awakening.  Columbus'  bold  venture  upon 
the  untried  ocean  had  been  rewarded  by  the  dis- 
covery of  a  new  world,  and  soon  Cortez  in  Mexico 
and  Pizarro  in  Peru  laid  the  foimdations  of  the 
Spanish  Empire  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  To  the 
ITorth,  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot  for  the  English 
and  Cortereal  for  the  Spanish  had  explored  the 
coast  from  Labrador  to  Florida.  Before  the  first 
quarter  of  the  century  had  passed  Magellan  had 
rounded  Cape  Horn.  The  mind  of  Europe  was 
filled  with  visions  of  new  lands  to  conquer,  and 
its  horizon  grew  rapidly  wider.  ISTew  people  with 
strange  languages,  customs,  and  religions  came  into 
view  on  every  hand.  Here  and  there  men  dared 
to  think,  and  the  rapid  progress  in  the  art  of  print- 
ing gave  them  a  new  vehicle  for  their  thoughts. 
Copernicus  gave  the  world  his  new  theory  of  the 
universe  in  1543.  Sculpture  and  painting  through 
Michael-angelo  and  Raphael  reached  a  rare  de- 

15 


16  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

gree  of  excellence,  while  great  cathedrals  and 
monasteries  showed  marvellous  skill  in  architec- 
ture. Martin  Luther  (1483-1546)  broke  the 
chains  Avhich  had  held  the  church  in  ignorance  and 
corruption,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  German 
literature,  freedom,  and  evangelical  faith  by  trans- 
lating the  Bible  into  the  lauiguage  of  the  people. 
John  Calvin  (1509-1564)  reduced  the  theology  of 
the  reformers  to  a  system,  and  organized  the  forces 
tending  to  freedom.  Henry  VIII  (1491-154Y) 
broke  away  from  the  tyranny  of  Rome  and  opened 
the  way  for  the  establishment  of  the  reformed 
faith  in  England.  In  the  Netherlands  the  fierce 
struggle  for  reformed  faith  and  free  government 
resulted  in  the  expulsion  of  the  cruel  Spaniard. 
In  France  the  reformed  faith  had  reached  such 
formidable  power  that  to  suppress  it  Catharine  do 
Medici  devised  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 
(1572).  In  Spain  the  power  of  the  papacy  was 
absolute,  and  the  Reformed  were  persecuted  to 
death. 
2.  Begrinning  At  the  time  of  the  Jamestown,  Va.,  settlement 
(1607)  learning  had  revived  in  Europe,  literature 
flourished,  science  had  made  great  progress,  the 
power  of  the  papacy  had  been  broken  in  England 
and  Holland,  while  in  France  the  Reformed  faith 
numbered  its  adherents  by  tens  of  thousands. 
Spain  was  still  in  the  power  of  the  papacy.  Men 
had  here  and  there  tasted  the  joy  of  civil  liberty. 
So  when  men's  faces  turned  toward  America  they 


of  17th 
Centiiry 


Entrance  and  Spread,  &c.  17 

carried  witli  them  an  advanced  civilization,  a 
knowledge  of  good  government,  and  a  thirst  for 
liberty.  Those  coming  from  England  and  Hol- 
land, as  well  as  multitudes  from  France,  brought 
the  Eeformed  faith  and  an  open  Bible.  Many 
from  France  and  all  from  Spain  brought  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  faith  unchanged.  Wars,  religious 
interest,  and  political  oppression,  combined  with 
the  love  of  adventure  and  the  hope  of  gain  to  drive 
and  to  draw  them  forth  to  a  new  continent. 

On  the  Island  of  Hayti  at  Isabella,  in  the  year  3.  Entrance 
14:94,  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church  consecrated  its  °/  ^^;^^"^" 

.  1        /^       1  •  ^*^  Through 

first  chapel  in  the  New  World.  On  his  second  the  South 
voyage,  Columbus,  who  was  himself  a  deeply  relig- 
ious  man,  brought  twelve  priests  and  a  vicar  apos- 
tolic.  Luther  was  then  a  lad  of  ten  years,  ajid 
Calvin  was  not  born.  Many  of  the  early  Spanish, 
Portuguese,  and  French  explorers  carried  with 
them  zealous  missionaries.  They  took  possession 
of  new  countries  in  the  name  of  "the  Church — the 
Queen  and  Sovereign  of  the  World,"  to  quote  a 
favorite  phrase.  The  Spanish  first  entered  the 
continent  of  North  America  by  way  of  Mexico, 
which  was  conquered  by  Cortez  in  1518.  Here 
the  papal  church  established  itself  firmly;  and 
from  this  as  a  center,  missionaries  were  sent  north, 
and  a  line  of  missions  was  established  from 
Florida  to  California  before  the  beginning  of 
the  I7th  century.  The  oldest  church  building  in 
the  United  States  is  San  Miguel  in  Sante  Fe,  New 


18  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

Mexico.  These  missionary  movements  present 
many  scenes  of  unexcelled  devotion,  invincible  pur- 
pose, patient  toil,  and  sublime  martyrdom.  Un- 
appalled  by  the  JSTew  World  barbarians,  the  emis- 
saries of  the  papacy  hastened  to  bring  them  to  her 
embrace.  Her  religious  orders,  with  organiza- 
tions well  adapted  to  missionary  work,  were 
already  extended  through  many  countries,  and  in 
the  same  epoch  with  the  American  discoveries  the 
new  order  of  the  Jesuits,  expressly  intended  for 
missionary  labors,  arose  and  hastened  to  achieve 
its  earliest  triumphs  on  the  new  continent. 
"Habituated  to  self-denial,  a  solitary  man,  with  no 
earthly  tie  to  make  life  dearer  than  the  call  0/ 
duty ;  a  man  who  had  renounced  not  only  the  luxi- 
ries,  but  most  of  the  comforts  of  life,  the  Catholiv 
missionary,  crucifix  in  hand,  bearing  a  few  arti- 
cles of  church  service,  hastened  to  rear  the  cross* 
amid  the  scenes  of  idolatrous  worship." 
4.  French  Early  in  the  16th  century  France  eagerly  ei? 
ca^h^^s  *®^®^  t^®  contest  for  the  exploration  and  posse^.- 
in  the  North  sion  of  this  country.  In  1608  Champlain  founded 
and  es  Qyg]3g(>^  and  pushed  his  way  to  Lake  Huron.  Th', 
Roman  Catholics,  under  French  encouragemer 
and  protection,  established  a  line  of  missioik 
rather  thin  at  certain  points,  from  the  mouth  ol 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 
They  undoubtedly  hoped  to  control  the  whole  east- 
ern half  of  the  continent.  Bancroft  says  in 
Shea's  Catholic  Missions  in  the  U.  S. :     "It  was 


ant  Begln- 
ningrsin 


Entrance  and  Spread,  &c.  19 

neither  commercial  enterprise  nor  royal  ambition 
which  carried  the  power  of  France  into  the  heart 
of  our  continent;  the  motive  was  religion.  Re- 
ligious enthusiasm  colonized  New  England,  and 
religious  enthusiasm  founded  Montreal,  made  a 
conquest  of  the  wilderness  on  the  upper  lakes,  and 
explored  the  Mississippi."  "J^ot  a  cape  was 
turned  nor  a  river  entered  but  a  Jesuit  led  the 
way." 

The  Protestant  faith  did  not  get  a  permanent  5.  Protest 
hold  in  America  until  the  English  colony  settled 
at  Jamestown,  Va.,  in  1607.  Says  Dorchester:  i607 
"This  Virginia  colony  was  a  Christian  colony  in 
intention  and  in  fact.  The  charter  required  the 
maintenance  of  religious  worship;  boroughs  were 
erected  into  parishes,  with  glebes  and  other  provis- 
ions for  the  clergy.  The  Assembly  and  the  Gov- 
ernor were  urged  to  civilize  the  natives  and  bring 
them  under  the  influence  of  the  Gospel,  and  Indian 
children  were  educated."  In  Virginia  the  Church 
of  England  was  established  by  law.  Here  the 
Cavalier  founded  a  miniature  English  court  with 
its  elegant  manners,  its  royal  prerogatives,  its 
gayety,  and  religion  of  ease. 

Driven  from  their  homes  in  England  by  religr-  Q-  The 
ious  persecution,  the  Puritans  and  Pilgrims  sought  Arrive  in 
peace  and  liberty  in  the  new  world.     Landing  at  ^^^^ 
Plymouth  Eock  in  1620,  they  gradually  took  pos- 
session of  all  New  England.     A  close  and  reverent 
student  of  the  Bible,  a  lover  of  religious  and  civil 


20  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

freedom,  a  patron  of  learning,  with  moral  stan- 
dards the  most  rigid,  the  Puritan  made  an  indeli- 
ble stamp  upon  his  section  and  upon  the  new  conti- 
nent. 

7.  The  Jn  I;l2e  Carolinas  and  Georgia  there  came  for  set- 
and  Georgia  tlement  ihen  of  many  creeds.  Scotch  and  Scotch- 
Irish  Presbyterians  from  Scotland  and  Ireland, 
Huguenots  from  France,  Moravians  from  Ger- 
many, brought  their  creed,  their  institutions,  and 
culture. 

8.  The      In  1609  the  Dutch  entered  New  York,  and  then 
States  passed  into  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.     They 

did  not  come  because  of  persecution  at  home,  but 
simply  for  wealth.  They  brought  with  them  their 
Calvinistic  creed  and  their  established  (Dutch) 
Reformed  Church.  Bold,  enterprising,  free,  eco- 
nomical, they  gave  America  an  excellent  type  of 
federal  union.  Pennsylvania's  population  was 
originally  Quaker,  afterwards  reinforced  by  the 
Scotch-Irish  and  Dutch.  In  Delaware  there  was 
an  early  settlement  of  Lutherans  from  Sweden. 

9.  The      Driven  by  papal  persecution  from  France,  the 
Huguenots  Huguenots  came   to  America   in  great  numbers. 

They  scattered  over  the  territory  of  the  original 
colonies.  French  in  temperament  and  Calvinistic 
in  creed,  they  made  a  most  valuable  addition  to 
the  religious  life  of  the  New  World. 
10.  Roman-  In  the  heart  of  the  Protestant  colonies  of  the 
Maryland  Atlantic  Coast  the  English  Romanists  in  1633 
made  a  settlement  in  Maryland.      "Landing  on 


Entrance  and  Spread,  &c.  21 

Blackstone  Island,  they  offered  the  sacrifice  of  the 
mass,  raised  the  cross  as  a  trophy  to  Christ,  and 
chanted  on  bended  knees  the  litany  of  the  Cross." 
To  the  enlightened  policy  of  Lord  Baltimore  was 
due  the  fact  that  large  religious  liberty  was  here 
guaranteed  to  the  settlers. 

Whether  the  European  Christian  entered  the  ^^^  He'^then 
ISTew  World  by  north  or  by  south  or  between  the 
two,  he  came  at  once  face  to  face  with  the  heathen 
Indian.  At  his  door  lay  the  problem  of  home 
and  foreign  missions  united.  The  work  of  evan- 
gelizing these  savages  began  at  once.  Romanist 
and  Protestant  alike  preached  to  them,  meeting 
with  varying  success. 

A  narrow,  bigoted,  medieval  Romanism  in  the  12.  origi- 
extreme  ISTorth  and  South  and  West,  somewhat  Forces 
relieved  by  the  more  liberal  sort  in  Maryland, 
stood  side  by  side  with  the  Puritan  and  Cavalier 
types  of  Protestantism,  pledged  to  the  conquest  of 
the  new  continent.  Both  had  the  double  task  of  win- 
ning the  savages  in  the  forest  and  caring  for  the 
ever  increasing  numbers  coming  from  Europe. 
They  are  still  engaged  in  the  same  work,  while 
new  problems  incident  to  the  progress  of  civiliza- 
tion have  added  greatly  to  the  burden  of  evangeli- 
zation. We  shall  henceforth  consider  the  spread 
of  Protestantism  alone,  and  because  of  the  limita- 
tions of  space  shall  confine  the  inquiry  to  the 
seven  largest  denominations.  Baptist,  Christian  or 
Disciples,    Congregational,    Episcopal,    Lutheran, 


22  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

Methodist,  and  Presbyterian,  overlooking  the  di- 
visions of  each  of  these.  The  principal  factors 
in  this  first  religious  struggle  were  the  Baptists,  the 
Congregationalists,  the  Episcopalians  and  the  Pres- 
byterians, the  Christians,  Lutherans  and  Metho- 
dists coming  into  prominence  later. 
13.  The      YoT  fully  a  hundred  years  after  the  settlement 

First  Prob-         ^  -,  n  -,  •        • 

lem  at  J  amestown  these  lOur  denominations  were  main- 
ly concerned  with  the  problem  of  self-support. 
Churches  were  built  in  the  seaports  of  the  Atlantic 
at  the  very  first,  and,  as  the  population  extended 
westward  into  the  wilderness,  the  Church  went 
with  it.  The  state  of  religion  was  low,  although  it 
was  now  and  then  quickened  by  a  revival.  As  one 
of  the  results  of  the  revival  led  by  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards in  l^ew  England  in  1734-1740,  the  mission- 
ary spirit  grew  strong,  and  David  Brainerd  was 
sent  in  1742  to  the  Indians.  Perhaps  the  most  re- 
liable estimate  that  can  be  found^  shows  that  in 
1775  eleven  denominations — including  Romanists 
— in  the  United  States  had  1,461  ministers  and  1,- 
970  churches.  At  this  time,  the  total  population  was 
2,640,000'. 

Deistominational  Expansion". 

^B    "t^t      ^^  ^  denomination,  the  Baptists  became  promi- 
Church  nent  first  in  Rhode  Island  in  1629,  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Roger  Williams.     In  spite  of  fines,  im- 
prisomnent,  and  other  bitter  persecutions,  they  con- 
tinued to  spread.    In  1775  they  had  350  ministers 

iSee  Porcl^ester's  Christianity  InJthe  U.  S.-  p.  256. 


\ 


Entrance  and  Spread,  &c.  23 

and  380  churches.  They  have  been  characterized 
bj  zeal  for  New  Testament  doctrine,  for  religious 
liberty  and  for  missionary  zeal.  They  take  their 
place  among  the  most  aggressive  of  all  Christian 
bodies. 

Early  in  the  19th  century,  by  a  sort  of  impulse  i5.  The 
from  three  different  sections  of  the  country,  a  num-  ^jgcfples  °^ 
her  of  Christians  came  gradually  together  because  church 
of  a  common  belief  in  certain  doctrines,  and  united 
into  a  denomination  called  "Christian,"  saying  in 
their  platform,  "The  name  of  Christian  is  the  only 
name  of  distinction  which  we  take,  and  by  which 
we  as  a  denomination  desire  to  be  known,  and  the 
Bible  is  our  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice."    They 
have  grown  with  astonishing  rapidity. 

Began  their  life  in  America  with  the  landing  of  16.  The 
the  PilgTims  in  1620,  being  an  extension  of  the  tional^^^' 
English  Independents.     In  government,  like  the  Chiirches 
the  Baptists,    they  are  purely    democratic,   each 
church  being  independent  of  all  others,  though  as- 
sociated  for   purposes  of  discussion,   inspiration, 
and  extension.     For  nearly  a  hundred  years  they 
were  confined  mainly  to  'New  England.    Later  they 
spread  rapidly  throughout  the  Middle  and  Western 
States,  being  honored  of  God  as  one  of  the  chief 
agencies  for  the  evangelization  of  the  West. 

This  is  an  extension  to  America  of  the  Estab-  i7.  The 
lished  Church  of  England  and  entered  America  Episcopal 
through  Virginia  in  1607.     In  Virginia  it  was  the  Church 
only  Church  that  had  a  legal  existence  and  was 


24  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

supported  by  taxation  until  1716,  although  a  ma- 
jority of  the  people  were  then  "dissenters."  The 
basis  of  its  theology  is  the  Thirty-nine  Articles. 
It  is  governed  by  canon  law,  administrated  chiefly 
through  diocesan  bishops.  With  the  Romanists, 
Methodists  and  Lutherans,  they  represent  the  mon- 
archical forms  of  church  government.  Its  princi- 
pal strength  has  been  in  the  cities  and  large  towns. 
It  has  become  very  active  in  missionary  work  at 
home  and  abroad. 
18.  The  This  historic  Church,  founded  by  Martin  Luther, 
Church  ^^^'^s  represented  in  the  Dutch  colony  of  1621,  and 
its  first  building  was  erected  in  1671.  The  first 
organization  of  ministers  and  churches  was  made 
in  1748.  It  is  composed  largely  of  immigrants 
from  Germany,  Norway,  and  Sweden,  with  their 
immediate  descendants.  Its  creed  was  mainly 
formed  from  the  teachings  of  the  great  reformer, 
while  its  government  is  episcopal. 

10.  The       Under    the    leadership    of    John    Wesley    this 
MethodiBt  r^-,         ••  ,  t   .      -.t-nr^  i        f'  t 

Church  Ohuren  was  formed  m  1/39  as  a  result  of  a  split 

in  the  Church  of  England.  Its  thcologv  is  Armi- 
nian.  It  is  governed  under  a  code  of  laws  called 
"The  Discipline,"  whose  administration  is  lodged 
mainly  in  the  hands  of  bishops  unconfined  to  a 
definite  territory.  Their  first  services  were  held  in 
iNTew  York  City  in  1766,  and  their  first  church 
buildiiig  was  erected  in  1768.  Their  rapid  spread 
over  the  whole  land  has  been  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable events  in  all  church  history. 


\ 


Entrance  and  Spread,  &c.  25 


The    Presbyterian    and    Eeformed     Chiirclies  20.  The 
trace  their  origin  chiefly  to  Scotland  and  Holland,  terianand 
Their  doctrine  and  government  are  much  the  same.  Reformed 
Together  they    represent  the    purest   Calvinism, 
and  stand  for  republicanism  in  government.     The 
Eeformed   (Dutch)    Church  was  first  planted  in 
JSTew  York  in  1628.    The  first  Presbyterian  Church 
was  organized  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland 
about  1685.     They  represent  the  most  conserva- 
tive type  in  American  Church  life. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  among  the  Protestant  21.  Reiig- 
churches  in  America  there  are  represented  the  great  ^°^^  Types 
historic  types  of  church-life.  The  Arminian  doc- 
trine, represented  chiefly  by  the  Methodists,  goes 
arm  in  arm  with  the  Calvinistic  represented  chief- 
ly by  the  Baptists  and  Presbyterians,  to  the  con- 
quest of  our  land.  The  three  great  forms  of  church 
government,  the  monarchical  represented  chiefly 
by  the  Episcopal,  Lutheran,  and  Methodist 
churches,  the  republican,  represented  chiefly  by  the 
Presbyterians,  and  the  democratic,  represented 
chiefly  by  the  Baptists  and  Congregationalists,  are 
striving  to  bring  the  whole  land  into  subjection  to 
the  Lord  Jesus.  Each  has  made  a  distinct  contri' 
bution  to  our  American  Christianity. 

In  our  country,  in  the  unfolding  of  God's  plans  22.  The 
these  various  religious  ideas,  incorporated  in  living  po^^^*^'^* 
organizations,  have  been  brought  to  play  upon  its 
evangelization  and  up-building.     The  ideas,  lib- 
erty of  conscience,   freedona  in  worship,   a  free 


26  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

Church  in  a  free  State,  organized  spiritual  democ- 
racy, the  most  unlimited  freedom  in  the  formation 
of  opinion  and  its  expression,  came  to  us  in  various 
degrees  of  perfection  from  Europe.      They  have 
been  modified  and  brought  toward  perfection  by 
discussion  and  have  been  made  unconscious  ele- 
ments of  our  present  day  and  every  day  religion. 
We  have  added  almost  nothing  to  the  essential  the- 
ology, government,   and  worship   of  the   Church. 
With  wonderful    unanimity    as  to    the  essential 
teachings  of  the  Bible,  with  forms  of  denomina- 
tional government  varied  enough  to  suit  all  temper- 
aments and  shades  of  opinion  and  well  adjusted  to 
our  ideas  of  freedom,  with  forms  of  worship  at 
once  free  and  reverent,  American  Christianity  has 
made    them  all  sweet    with  abundant    toleration. 
Forced  by  the  necessity  of  adapting  an  old  and  set- 
tled faith  to  ever-changing  conditions  of  life,  we 
have  brought  our  Church  organization  to  a  rare 
degree  of    economy  and    efficiency.      To-day  the 
trend  of  thought  is  toward  greater  unity  in  essen- 
tials in  order  to  economy  and  strength.     The  five 
ideas — ^freedom,    toleration,    organization  ,  unity, 
and  expansion — ^make  American  Christianity  to- 
day.   This  type  by  virtue  of  its  beauty  and  strength 
must  be  perfected  by  discussion  and  through  the 
struggle  incident  to  its  life.     Its  power  to  produce 
an  ample  manhood  entitles  it  to  perpetuation.   Loy- 
alty to  Jesus  Christ  absolutely  requires  us  to  make 
it  universal,     Every  Tnan  and  woman  is  called  to 


i 


Entrance  and  Spread,  &c. 


27 


this  fruitful  work  by  the  Lord  Jesus  himself,  who 
after  planning  the  work  will  energize  the  worker 
by  the  power  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 

The  following  table  of  Eeligious  Denomina- 
tions in  the  United  States,  with  50,000  communi- 
cants and  over,  is  compiled  from  statistics  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  H.  K.  Carroll,  for  the  "Christian 
Advocate."     Jan  25th  1906. 


Denominations 

Ministers 

Churches 

Communicants 

Adventists 

1,665 

2,499 

95.437 

Baptists 

87,061 

52,919 

4,974,047 

Catholics 

14,104 

11,6.37 

10,915,251 

Christian  Connection 

1,348 

1,340 

101,597 

Christian  Scientists 

1,222 

611 

71.114 

Congregational  lets 

6,059 

5,9R8 

687,042- 

Disciples  of  Christ 

6,475 

11,033 

1,235,294 

Dnnkards 

S.166 

1,138 

116,311 

Evangelical  Bodies 

1.451 

2,648 

166,978 

Friends 

1,412 

1,075 

120,415 

German  Evangelical  Synod        956 

1,221 

222.003 

Jews 

301 

570 

143,000 

Latter  Day  Saints,  (Mormons)  1.560 

1,338 

344,247 

Lutherans 

7,685 

13,373 

1,841,346 

Meanonites 

1,211 

766 

61,048 

Methodists 

40.278 

58,659 

6,429,815 

Presbyterians 

12,650 

15,702 

1,723,871 

Protestant  Episcopal 

5,209 

7,224 

827,127 

Reformers 

1,970 

2,536 

405.022 

United  Brethren 

2.185 

4,407 

274,012 

Unitarians 

547 

459 

71,000 

Universalists 

727 

965 

53,641 

Ministers 

Churches 

Communicants 

Grand  Total  of  43 

Denominations 

154,390 

201,608 

31,148,445 

Questions  and  Hints. 
1.  A  map  of  Europe  at  the  beginning  of  the  iTth 
century  with  separate  colors  to  show  the  countries 


28  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

where  the  Reformed  and  Roman  Church  predomi- 
'  nated.  It  would  be  best  to  have  a  member  of  the 
class  make  this  map. 

A  map  showing  the  distribution  of  the  Protest- 
ant and  Roman  cluirches  in  the  American  colonies 
at  the  beginning  of  the  ITth  century. 

Get  pictures  of  Columbus,  De  Soto,  Pere  Mar- 
quette, Champlain,  Martin  Luther,  John  Calvin, 
of  the  remains  at  Jamestown,  Va.,  of  the  landing 
of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  of  the  San 
Miguel  Church  in  Santa  Pe,  I^ew  Mexico,  and  of 
other  persons  and  places  connected  with  the  intro- 
duction of  Christianity  into  America.  Let  some 
one  of  the  class  tell  the  story  of  each  picture. 

Give  a  brief  account  of  the  state  of  learning  in 
Europe  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century;  of 
government ;  of  religion. 

2.  What  changes  can  be  noted  at  the  beginning 
of  the  I7th  century?  ^ATiat  effects  had  the  discov- 
ery of  new  lands  upon  religious  thought? 

3.  Where  did  Christianity  enter  the  United 
States  ?  When  ?  By  what  Church  ?  What  con- 
nection between  discovery  and  religion  ?  Trace 
briefly  the  spread  of  Romanism  in  the  South. 

4.  Sketch  briefly  the  introduction  of  Romanism 
into  Canada.  What  was  its  probable  purpose  in 
extending  West  and  Southwest  ? 

5.  When  did  Protestantism  enter  America  ? 
Where  ?  Under  what  form  ?  How  far  did  religion 
enter  into  the  plans  of  the  Jamestown  colony  ? 


Entrance  and  Spread,  &c.  ^ 

6.  Give  some  account  of  the  origin  and  settle- 
ment of  the  Pilgrim  colony  in  Massachusetts. 

7.  What  religious  types  first  entered  the  Caro- 
linas  and  Georgia  ? 

8.  Where  did  the  Dutch  first  settle  ?  The  Scotch- 
Irish  ?    The  Quakers  ?    The  Lutherans  ? 

9.  Where  did  the  Huguenots  come  from  ?  What 
brought  them  to  America  ?  Where  did  they  set- 
tie? 

10.  How  did  the  Romanists  who  settled  Mary- 
land differ  from  those  who  settled  further  South? 

11.  Discuss  the  religion  of  the  American  In- 
dians. 

12.  WTiat  religious  types  first  appeared  in 
America  ?    What  was  their  common  task  ? 

13.  WTiat  was  the  first  problem  given  Protestant- 
ism ?  What  was  the  state  of  religion  early  in  the 
18th  century  ?  Who  was  the  leader  of  the  revival  ? 
What  missionary  went  to  the  Indians  as  a  result  ? 

14:.  Sketch  the  origin  and  growth  of  the  Baptist 
Church  in  America.  Discuss  its  distinctive  mes- 
sage. 

15.  Do  this  for  the  Christian  Church. 

16.  Do  this  for  the  Congregational  Church. 

17.  Do  this  for  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 

18.  Do  this  for  the  Lutheran  Church. 

19.  Do  this  for  the  Methodist  Church. 

20.  Do  this  for  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

21.  What  religious  ideas  first  entered  America? 
How  have  these  ideas  been  affected  by  American 


30  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

discussion?  What  five  ideas  make  American 
Christianity  to-day  ?  Discuss  these  ideas  more 
fully.  What  is  our  duty  towards  this  religious 
type?  Is  the  task  possible?  Why?  What  part 
are  you  taking  in  your  church  work  in  order  to  in- 
crease its  efficiency  ?  What  can  you  do  to  help  the 
church  life  about  you  ?  If  all  church  workers  were 
like  you  what  would  be  the  condition  of  your 
church  to-day  ?  Are  you  prepared  to  take  the  place 
you  are  entitled  to  by  reason  of  your  birth  and 
education?  Are  you  helping  or  hindering  the 
growth  of  the  church? 

BiBLIOGEAPHT. 

Outline  of  Universal  History.  Fisher. 

History  of  the  Christian  Church.  Fisher. 

Any  standard  history  of  the  United  States,  such 
as  Bancroft,  McMaster,  or  Wilson. 

Christianity  in  the  United  States.  Dorchester. 

History  of  Christianity  in  the  United  States. 
Bacon. 

The  Story  of  the  Churches,  a  series  of  volumes 
published  by  The  Baker  Taylor  Company,  each 
written  by  some  recognized  authority  within  his 
denomination. 


n 

The  ADVAiiTCE   Guard   op   Civilization:     The 
Frontieesmajst. 

As  already  stated  in  Chapter  I,  Christianity  ^^g^ard 
first  entered  the  territory  now  included  in  the  Movement 
United  States  from  the  Island  of  Hayti  through  frontier 
Spanish  invasion  by  Eoman  Catholic  mission- 
aries. Subsequently  they  came  North  from 
Mexico,  and  spread  westward  until  we  find 
them  established  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  Califor- 
nia. They  also  extended  northward  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  The  French  entered  Canada  and 
followed  the  course  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and 
the  Great  Lakes,  going  westward.  Says  Pudde- 
fott:  "The  Church  (Roman  Catholic)  of  San 
Miguel  in  Santa  Fe,  ISTew  Mexico,  was  built  sev- 
enty years  before  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  and 
the  house  next  to  the  church  fifty  years.  It  is  the 
oldest  settled,  is  the  farthest  behind,  and  is  the 
most  ignorant  and  superstitious  part  of  the  land. 
In  one  part  Mormonism  holds  sway;  in  the  other 
Roman  Catholicism  of  two  centuries  ago  is  still  the 
prevailing  religion." 

As  soon  as  our  Protestant  ancestors  landed  at 
Jamestown  and  Plymouth  Rock  and  Manhattan 
and  Toronto  they    met  the  frontier    line  at  the 

i  31 


32  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

water's  edge.  From  those  days  to  the  present  there 
has  been  one  prolonged  and  mighty  effort  to  force 
it  westward. 

2.  The      The  Church's  problem  had  two  elements:  To 

plant  a  civilization  and  the  religion  which  was  its 
root.  In  the  United  States  it  moved  toward  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  which  were  reached  in  a 
century  and  a  half.  In  three-quarters  of  a  century 
it  had  crossed  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  reached  the  Pacific  coast  in  tri- 
umph. This  was  first  done  by  mere  scouting.  The 
conquest  in  detail  is  still  progressing,  especially 
along  the  Rocky  Mountain  chain  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States. 

3.  The      Upon  what  types  of  religious  faith  and  life  this 
Work  gigantic  undertaking  fell  has  been  sketched  in  the 

previous  chapter.  So  far  as  Protestantism  is  con- 
cerned, these  consisted  at  first  of  the  Puritan  Con- 
gregationalists  in  'New  England,  the  Dutch  Re- 
formed in  l^ew  York,  the  Scotch-Irish  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, Virginia,  and  the  Carolinas,  the  Church  of 
England  Cavaliers  in  Virginia,  and  the  Baptists 
scattered  here  and  there.  Later,  the  Methodists, 
Lutherans,  Christians,  and  others  added  greatly  to 
the  available  forces  of  expansion.  Our  fathers 
met  this  responsibility  with  intelligence,  courage 
and  enterprise,  and  with  faith  in  this  land  and  in 
their  God. 

As  these  brave  pioneers  of  the  faith  made  their 
way  westward    they  met  varied    difficulties  that 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization         33 

taxed  their  powers  to  the  utmost.  The  wild  waste  4.  Difflcuit- 
of  woods,  while  it  beckoned  them  on,  presented  ered  During' 
obstacles  of  many  kinds.  Settlements  were  few  colonial 
and  far  between.  The  cities  and  towns  were  ab- 
sorbed in  matters  of  mere  self -existence.  The  farm 
houses  at  first  were  log  cabins  built  in  the  forest 
with  a  small  clearing  about  them.  The  forests 
were  untouched  by  roads,  the  Indian  trail  often 
being  the  only  route  between  points.  Communica- 
tion was,  therefore,  very  difficult  indeed.  Bears 
and  wolves,  fierce  and  ravenous,  often  made  travel 
dangerous.  Journeys  were  made  either  on  foot  or 
on  horseback,  for  there  were  few  wagons  or  car- 
riages, even  if  they  had  had  good  roads.  Along 
the  frontier  line  there  were  almost  no  church  build- 
ings or  school  houses,  and  for  a  long  period  meet- 
ings were  held  in  residences  or  underneath  the 
great  trees  in  the  open  air. 

At  first  the  Indians  were  not  disposed  to  be 
troublesome.  As  they  were  forced  to  retreat  fur- 
ther and  further  into  the  wilderness,  suffering  real 
or  fancied  wrongs,  they  became  actively  hostile. 
Most  of  the  larger  settlements  built  forts  or  stock- 
ades into  which  the  entire  population  retreated  for 
safety  from  attack. 

The  brave  preachers  of  the  early  days  endured 
hardness  indeed  as  good  soldiers.  All  along  the 
frontier  line  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  no  distance 
seemed  too  great  for  them  to  travel,  no  forest  too 
black  or  dangerous,  no  people  too  poor  and  ignor- 


34  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

ant.  In  the  heat  of  summer,  through  the  snow 
storms  of  the  winter,  across  swollen  rivers  in  the 
spring-time,  on  horseback,  with  a  change  of  cloth- 
ing and  a  Bible  in  saddle-bags,  they  went  every- 
where. Their  salaries  were  very  meager,  and 
nearly  all  of  them  depended  upon  farming  or  teach- 
ing to  supplement  their  incomes. 

Everywhere  wickedness  prevailed.  Drunken^ 
ness,  gambling,  licentiousness,  fighting.  Sabbath- 
breaking  were  common.  The  pioneer  preacher  had 
no  bed  of  roses.  When  he  turned  his  eyes  back- 
ward now  and  then  toward  the  more  thickly  settled 
regions  to  see  if  other  missionaries  were  coming  to 
hold  the  ground  which  he  had  claimed  for  Jesus, 
his  heart  was  often  troubled  to  find  that  the  efforts 
to  send  re-enforcements  were  weak  or  unattended 
by  adequate  results. 
5.  PioJ^^f^  It  will  be  of  interest  to  take  a  swift  glance  at 
several  types  of  pioneer  preachers  in  order  to  illus- 
trate the  difficulties  encountered  by  them.  Some 
time  about  1680  Rev.  Francis  Makemie  came  to 
Virginia  by  way  of  the  Barbadoes  to  preach  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  colony.  He  married  and  set- 
tled on  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia.  Becoming 
possessed,  by  marriage  perhaps,  of  a  good  landed 
estate,  he  became  a  successful  farmer  and  mer- 
chant. In  order  to  protect  his  own  large  interests 
and  to  shield  his  neighbors  from  wrong,  he  studied 
law  and  became  an  authority  on  legal  matters  in 
all  his  region.     He  diligently  preached  the  Gospel 


Types 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization         35 

wherever  he  went.  He  established  at  least  three 
churches  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland  and 
Virginia  which  still  exist.  He  opened  the  way  for 
the  establishment  of  a  church  in  the  western  shore 
of  the  Chesapeake,  and  to  his  labors  many 
churches  in  and  around  Norfolk  owe  their  exist- 
ence. While  on  a  journey,  he  stopped  in  l^ew  York 
City  and  preached  without  the  permission  of  the 
Governor.  For  this  he  was  arrested  and  impris- 
oned for  more  than  six  weeks.  His  was  perhaps 
the  first  case  of  the  kind  tried  in  the  colonies.  His 
defence  was  so  strong  that  the  jury  cleared  him. 
Here  was  a  farmer,  lawyer,  merchant,  preacher, 
all  in  one.  He  was  successful  in  each  calling.  He 
cleared  new  lands  and  brought  them  to  produc- 
tivity. He  traded  in  the  products  of  the  soil  and 
in  merchandise  brought  across  the  Atlantic.  He 
administered  justice  between  neighbors,  and  won 
for  those  of  his  faith  the  right  to  preach  the  Gospel 
when  and  where  they  would.  Wherever  he  went 
he  made  known  the  plan  of  salvation  to  sinners 
and  built  several  churches  which  stand  to-day  as 
monuments  of  his  enterprise,  fidelity,  and  zeal. 

Another  type  of  worker  of  colonial  times  is  seen 
in  Rev.  William  Tennent,  Sr.,  who  having  received 
a  university  training  in  his  native  Ireland,  came  to 
this  country  about  1716.  After  staying  for  some 
time  in  IsTew  York,  he  settled  as  pastor  of  a  Pres- 
byterian church  on  !N^eshominy  Creek,  in  Bucks 
County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1/726.     Here  within  a 


36  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

few  steps  of  his  own  dwelling  he  erected  a  log 
house  in  which  to  teach  school.  It  was  about 
twenty  feet  square  and  very  plain.  In  contempt 
it  was  called  "The  Log  College."  Here  for  long 
years  he  taught  young  men  among  whom  were 
many  ministers  of  the  Gospel.  It  was  a  mighty 
evangelizing  agency.  As  the  Church  grew  in  num- 
bers and  wealth,  there  was  need  of  a  better 
equipped  college,  and  so  from  this  Log  College 
sprang  Princeton  University,  which  in  time  sent 
forth  her  sons  to  found  other  colleges. 

Still  another  type  of  worker  in  these  early  days 
was  the  travelling  evangelist,  best  exemplified  in 
George  Whitefield,  who  was  born  in  England  in 
1714,  educated  at  Oxford,  and  ordained  in  the 
Church  of  England,  who  became  powerfully  im- 
pressed by  the  revival  of  evangelistic  faith  in  which 
the  Wesleys  took  so  prominent  a  part.  His  elo- 
quence  was  most  irresistible,  and  throughout  Great 
Britain  and  during  many  long  tours  in  America 
he  drew  thousands  to  hear  the  Gospel.  Wherever 
he  went  mutitudes  were  converted.  His  labors 
were  but  a  part  of  that  wonderful  religious  awak- 
ening begim  in  JSTew  England  in  1734-35  by  Jona- 
than Edwards.  The  revival  was  of  incalculable 
benefit  to  Christ's  cause  throughout  all  the  colonies 
and  mightily  stimulated  the  churches  to  greater 
effort  to  extend  the  influence  of  the  Gospel. 

Since  the  Wesleyan  revival  began  to  spread 
widely  through  the  colonies  down  to  the  present 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization         37 

time,  along  the  frontier  and  in  the  more  primitive 
communities  men  of  limited  education,  but  with 
great  zeal  and  often  Avith  a  rude  eloquence,  have 
gone  about  from  settlement  to  settlement  preaching 
and  exhorting  the  people.  In  many  places  they 
were  and  still  are  the  only  religious  teachers.  They 
have  done  noble  service  in  keeping  religion  alive, 
and  deserve  an  honorable  place  among  those  who 
helped  to  win  the  frontier. 

Durine:  the  Revolutionary  War  the  minds  of  the  Q-  on  to 

the  Missis- 
people  were  wholly  absorbed  in  the  struggle  for  gippi 

liberty  and  independence.  Then  came  a  period  of 
recuperation  and  reconstruction  under  new  laws. 
The  construction  of  roads,  the  invention  and  devel- 
opment of  the  steam  engine  and  its  uses  on  land 
and  water  aided  immensely  in  the  evangelization 
of  the  East.  Immigration  steadily  increased,  fill- 
ing up  the  cities  and  occupying  the  best  lands.  So 
over  the  Alleghanies  flowed  the  human  tide,  occu- 
pying the  vast  plains  of  the  fertile  IMississippi  with 
its  great  tributaries  from  the  East  and  West.  Ever 
among  the  foremost  was  the  faithful  home  mission- 
ary. While  the  frontier  line  was  yet  in  this  valley, 
the  American  Sunday  School  Union  began  to  send 
its  agents  to  the  yet  thinly  settled  regions  to  gather 
the  people  into  Sunday-schools,  thus  preparing  the 
way  for  the  establishment  of  churches.  As  a  type 
of  this  class  of  workers.  Rev.  John  H.  McCullough 
deserves  study.  Born  in  Glasgow,  Scotland,  in 
1811,  he  was  carefully  brought  up  with  three  other 


38  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

children  by  a  widowed  mother.  Faithfully  taught 
by  her  the  doctrines  of  her  church,  he  gave  his 
heart  and  life  to  God.  He  entered  the  Sunday- 
school  established  by  Dr.  Thomas  Chalmers  in 
Glasgow  and  Edinburgh,  He  imbibed  the  spirit 
of  the  great  pastor  who  sought  to  reach  the  most 
destitute  of  the  cities  with  the  Gospel.  Entering 
the  University  of  Glasgow,  he  studied  with  eager- 
ness and  marked  success  until  bad  health  caused 
him  to  suspend  his  studies.  His  family  died  while 
he  was  yet  young,  and  to  this  bereavement  was 
added  the  loss  of  all  of  his  property.  He  had  or- 
ganized Sunday-schools  among  colliers  and  fisher- 
men in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  but  he  felt  that 
America  was  the  most  promising  field.  Landing 
in  l^ew  York  after  thrilling  dangers  on  sea,  he 
called  to  see  Mr.  Robert  Carter,  a  prominent 
Christian  publisher.  While  in  the  city  he  heard  of 
the  American  Sunday  School  Union.  This  was  his 
course  of  reasoning:  "American,  that  means  na- 
tional, not  sectional;  Sunday-school,  that  means 
spiritual,  not  secular;  Union,  that  means  united 
effort  for  Christ.  That  name  expresses  my  senti- 
ments. I  can  be  a  volunteer  without  asking  any 
pay.  I  enlist  in  that  cause  for  life."  Going  into 
the  interior  of  New  York  State  he  taught  and 
worked  among  the  poor  for  several  years.  Hearing 
of  the  spiritual  destitution  of  the  Midde  West,  then 
being  rapidly  settled,  he  resolved  to  go  there  for 
work.     Settling  in  Southern  Illinois  in  a  region 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization         39 

infected  by  malaria  and  called  ^Egypt'  because  of 
its  moral  darkness,  be  established  Sunday-schools 
far  and  wide.  Removing  in  1840  to  Henderson, 
Ky.,  he  found  that  there  was  only,  one  Sunday- 
school  in  seventy-five  miles  in  Kentucky.  He 
established  a  school  in  the  town  which  proved  to 
be  the  fore-runner  of  ten  churches  and  fourteen 
Sunday-schools.  From  this  place  as  a  center,  he 
traveled  great  distances,  overcoming  tremendous 
obstacles  in  order  to  establish  schools.  Of  this 
mode  of  life  he  said:  "I  have  often  gone  three 
months  with  one  suit  of  clothes ;  saddle-bags  packed 
with  shirts,  collars,  etc.,  and  a  few  books,  my  main 
supply  being  sent  ahead ;  so  that  on  getting  soak- 
ing wet,  which  was  not  an  unusual  occurrence,  I 
had  to  let  my  clothes  dry  on  my  back.  I  swam 
rivers  and  creeks,  at  the  risk  of  my  life,  to  reach  an 
appointment."  In  one  year  he  organized  ninety 
new  schools,  with  a  membership  of  six  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  twenty-six  persons.  During  his 
labors  he  organized  schools  in  seventy-five  counties 
in  Kentucky  and  also  many  schools  through  South- 
ern Indiana  and  Illinois.  He  subsequently  became 
superintendent  of  the  Union's  work  in  twelve 
States,  extending  from  the  Ohio  to  the  gulf  and 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi.  He  died  tri- 
umphantly in  1888  after  serving  the  Union  fifty- 
four  years.  In  that  time  he  organized  1,000 
schools,  containing  66,200  teachers  and  scholars. 
Hundreds  of  such  missionaries  have  followed  him 


40  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

tliroiighout  the  whole  Western  region. 
7.  Across  Westward  still  flowed  the  mighty  human  tide, 
*  %iains  spreading  out  over  the  vast  plains  and  rolling 
against  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Among  the  first  set- 
tlers there  was  always  a  missionary  sent  out  from 
the  East,  or  sometimes  raised  up  on  the  frontier. 
'No  physical  toil  broke  their  resolution ;  no  love  of 
ease  melted  their  stout  hearts  as  they  went  here 
and  there.  They  visited  the  emigrant  train  wind- 
ing its  painful  way  ever  westward.  They  entered 
the  settlers'  cabin  and  brought  comfort  and  healing 
to  many  a  heart.  They  were  equally  at  home  in 
lumbermen's  and  miner's  camp.  They  founded 
schools,  opened  Sunday-schools,  formed  churches, 
and  organized  society.  They  were  often  the  real 
founders  and  builders  of  the  State  as  well  as  of 
the  Church. 

8.  Over  the       j^  \^qq  been  pointed  out  in  the  last  chapter  that 
Rockies  to  .  ii-ii        ••  •       /^  t 

the  Pacific  the  Romanists  had  established  missions  m  Cali- 
fornia in  the  16th  century  among  the  Indians. 
During  the  second  quarter  of  the  19th  century  it 
was  still  unsettled  as  to  whether  Great  Britain  or 
the  United  States  should  possess  that  vast  and 
resourceful  region  included  now  in  Oregon  and 
Washington.  In  1836  Rev.  Marcus  Whitman  with 
a  small  party  of  fellow-workers  arrived  at  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  Oregon,  to  begin  evangelizing  the  In- 
dians. Finding  that  the  British  were  preparing 
to  claim  the  region  as  their  own  by  right  of  first 
settlement,  he  took  a  famous  ride  to  Washington 


I 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization        41 


and  the  East  in  order  to  secure  government  support 
and  a  number  of  colonists  that  the  region  might 
be  a  part  of  the  American  nation.  His  purpose 
was  accomplished  through  appalling  dangers  and 
incredible  hardships  by  virtue  of  an  indomitable 
will  and  a  triumphant  faith.  In  181-7,  four  years 
after  his  return,  he  with  thirteen  others  was  mas- 
sacred by  the  Indians.  And  so  our  evangelical 
faith  won  its  way  through  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
nine  years  from  Jamestown  to  permanent  abode  on 
the  Pacific  slope. 

As  we  view  the  vast  area  reaching  from  the  9-  Fuung-  in 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  and  from  the  Mexican  Gulf 
to  the  frozen  Arctic  regions,  we  find  that  frontier 
conditions  still  exist  over  extensive  regions.  Along 
the  vast  mountain  region  from  the  Laurentians  of 
Labrador  to  the  foot  hills  of  Alabama  primitive 
conditions  flourish,  somewhat  unevenly  distributed. 
The  same  is  true  of  the  well-nigh  measureless  re- 
gion of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  the  Yukon  to 
the  Rio  Grande.  The  call  is  still  for  men  who,  full 
of  faith,  courage,  enterprise,  initiative,  drawn  by 
the  Son  of  God  and  the  sins  of  men,  count  their 
lives  not  dear  unto  themselves,  if  only  they  may 
make  the  great  salvation  known. 

It  is  evident  that  the  men  and  women  needed  lO-  t^® 
for  this  work  must  possess  special  qualifications.  Needed 
First  of  all  they  must  have  ample  vision.     The 
vast  possibilities  of  the  frontier  region  must  lie 
clearly  before  them.     Sin,  opeu  and  defiant,  mv.pt 


42  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

cry  out  for  cleansing.  The  Christ  in  his  exhaust- 
less  grace  will  stand  in  the  way  calling  and  beckon- 
ing. Varied  resourcefulness  must  he  theirs.  There 
is  imperative  need  of  minds  well  disciplined  and 
full-stored,  and  hands  capable  of  skilled  service  in 
many  directions.  Policies  must  be  formed.  Schools 
and  churches  must  be  built  and  managed.  Many 
frontiersmen  are  men  of  culture  and  require 
preaching  of  a  high  order.  Dangers  and  difficul- 
ties rise  on  every  hand.  In  not  a  few  places  on 
the  frontier  a  man  must  stand  by  his  duty  with  his 
life  in  his  hands  and  boldly  proclaim  the  right  in 
the  face  of  bitter  opposition,  of  cunning  slander, 
and  threatened  violence.  The  problems  that  he 
faces  call  often  for  the  highest  courage.  His  faith 
must  stand  the  severest  shock.  Back  of  their  rough 
exteriors,  beyond  their  aggressive  wickedness,  he 
must  believe  that  these  men  can  be  saved.  Up  to 
God  his  faith  must  climb,  and  to  His  infinite  re- 
sources it  must  cling.  It  must  stand  the  shock 
of  sin  and  the  pressure  of  love.  Hopes  for  man,  for 
men,  for  the  institutions  which  they  form,  must 
keep  him  steadfast  to  his  duty  and  glad  in  its  per- 
formance. Above  all  else  he  must  love.  ISTo  other 
motive  is  strong  enough  to  keep  him  to  his  task,  or 
comprehensive  enough  to  include  every  man.  The 
frontier  is  truly  a  place  for  enterprise.  The  worker 
here  who  constantly  quotes  what  he  did  in  the  East 
or  at  home  will  be  hopelessly  left  in  the  struggle. 
Here  precedents  are  of  little  value,  unless  they 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization         43 

can  show  how  new  conditions  can  be  most  promptly 
and  thoroughly  met  If  no  way  to  progress  is  sug- 
gested by  experience,  then  a  new  one  must  be  made 
at  once.  Here^  too,  a  premium  is  put  upon  initia- 
tive. To  sit  quietly  by  and  wait  for  opportunity 
to  offer  itself  is  a  sure  invitation  to  defeat.  The 
lumber  men,  buried  in  the  deep  forest  and  busy 
with  their  own  life,  are  not  apt  to  spend  much 
time  or  thought  in  bringing  a  Christian  worker 
among  them.  The  low  cabin  on  the  prairie  cares 
little,  perhaps,  for  a  visit  from  God's  missionary. 
He  simply  must  seek  the  opportunity  and  often  un- 
invited seek  entrance  to  cabin  and  camp.  The  peo- 
ple are  not  likely  to  take  the  lead  in  the  building 
of  a  church  or  a  school.  iP^early  all  movements  for 
betterment  must  begin  with  the  missionary.  !N'o 
man  has  ever  succeeded  in  this  work  who  has 
thought  more,  or  even  as  much,  concerning  his  own 
comfort  as  of  the  work  to  be  done.  He  must  prac- 
tice always  self-denial.  Leaving  home  and  friends, 
turning  from  the  old  life,  with  all  its  attractions, 
without  thought  of  himself,  he  gladly  faces  the 
hardship  of  the  new  life.  The  problems  that  press 
for  solution,  the  trials  of  the  new  life,  its  tempta- 
tions, its  exhausting  demands  on  all  the  resources 
of  manhood,  test  his  loyalty  to  Jesus  Christ.  "No 
loose  grip  upon  him  can  here  suffice.  Christ's 
words,  Christ's  Spirit,  Christ's  example,  must  in- 
deed be  all  and  in  all  to  him.  The  largest  manhood 
is  here  needed,  hel4  ^7  ^  true  vision,  cultured, 


•11.    The 
Agents  Used 


44  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

brave,  faithful,  hopeful,  urged  by  love's  constraint, 
enterprising,     self-denying,     centered    upon     and 
bounded  by  Christ.     For  such  a  man  or  woman 
there  is  still  eager  demand.    Such  a  life  here  makes  ■ 
an  adequate  investment  of  itself,  and  rejoices  in  its  ; 
own  absorption. 

In  this  foundation  work  on  the  frontier  God  has 
used  different  agents  to  produce  the  desired  re- 
sults. First  came  the  home  missionary.  Perhaps 
Christians  have  not  given  this  heroic  man  his  due. 
The  work  that  has  fallen  to  his  hands  has  just  been 
sketched.  It  has  ever  been  difficult,  varied,  often 
extremely  rough  and  dangerous,  as  necessary  to 
society  as  the  laying  of  a  good  foundation  is  to  the 
permanence  of  a  building,  and  constructive  in  lift- , 
ing  men  and  whole  regions  into  the  light  and  lib- 
erty of  God's  children.  The  conditions  of  his  task 
have  been  lonely.  Forsaking  home  and  friends, 
he  has  travelled  long  distances  in  physical  discom- 
fort, dreary  and  lonely.  His  salary,  for  some 
strange  reason,  has  always  been  small,  often  inade- 
quate. Sometimes  he  has  not  been  appreciated  at 
home,  sometimes  sadly  misunderstood  as  to  motive 
and  method.  There  should  be  an  awakening  as 
to  the  real  results  which  he  has  accomplished,  and 
his  reward  should  be  proportionate.  Rough  men 
have  been  softened,  lonely  homes  have  been 
cheered,  lawless  regions  have  been  brought  under 
the  dominion  of  right  and  love,  churches  have 
sprung  up,  schools  have  grown,  colleges  have  been 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization         45 

founded  and  made  to  shine  as  lights  in  the  dark- 
ness. Let  us  arise  and  bless  him  to-daj  as  he 
works  and  prays  and  waits.  God  sees  and  God 
measures  and  God  rewards. 

On  this  front  line  of  civilization  the  missionary 
has  always  found  faithful  believers,  who  in  pov- 
erty and  loneliness  have  borne  steady  witness  to  the 
grace  of  Christ.  Brought  into  activity  and  trusted 
with  gTeat  duties  they  have  established  the  work 
done  by  the  missionary.  The  Sunday-school  has 
been  ever  blessed  by  God  in  the  pioneer  work  of 
the  Church.  Its  simple  essentials  of  organization 
and  equipment  have  easily  lent  themselves  to  the 
varying  conditions  of  life.  Its  social  life  has 
drawn  thousands  to  it.  Its  special  appeal  for  the 
young  has  always  been  heard  by  some  earnest  souls. 
Its  marked  efficiency  in  bringing  children  and 
youth  to  a  confession  of  Christ  has  ever  com- 
mended it  to  God's  people.  Out  of  Sunday- 
schools  established  in  thinly  populated  regions  have 
sprung  thousands  of  churches,  strong  and  fruit- 
ful, themselves  transformed  into  powerful  agen- 
cies of  expansion.  In  the  experience  of  some  of  the 
leading  denominations,  for  every  ten  Sunday- 
schools  established  there  has  come  one  self-sup- 
porting church.  Hard  by  the  church  has  sprung 
up  the  school,  the  missionary  often  being  both 
preacher  and  teacher.  Says  a  recent  author, 
"Whenever  one  of  these  early  Presbyterian  preach- 
ers settled  he  first  prayed,  then  preached,  built  a 


46  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

church,  a  school  house,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his 
days  praying,  preaching,  teaching,  and  on  occasion 
fighting." 

As  population  grew  and  learning  advanced,  the 
college  was  established,  and  bore  its  testimony  to 
the  value  of  higher  things,  often  through  great 
tribulation  unto  a  blessed  fruitfulness.  Working 
through  these  human  agents  in  silent  and  resist- 
less power  has  been  the  Spirit  of  God.  From  Him 
has  come  the  vision,  the  faith,  the  courage,  the  en- 
terprise, the  initiative,  the  self-denial,  the  good  hope, 
the  compelling  love.  He  has  touched  church  and 
school  and  college  with  power  to  enlighten,  to 
heal  and  to  save.  The  wilderness  and  the  solitary 
place  have  been  made  glad,  and  the  desert  has 
blossomed  as  the  garden  of  the  Lord.  His  has 
been  the  problem,  His  the  solution,  to  Him  be 
all  the  praise. 

Questions  and  Hints. 

jyfg^pg  To  the  successful  teaching  of  this  chapter  a  large 
map  of  the  United  States  will  be  of  the  greatest 
help.  Sketch  maps  should  be  made  by  members 
of  the  class  showing  the  location  of  the  Thirteen 
Colonies.  Another  should  show  the  United  States 
at  the  time  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase.  Another, 
at  the  time  of  the  Annexation  of  Texas.  Origi- 
nals may  be  seen  in  the  Century  Atlas,  Maps 
XVIII,   XIX,  especially  the  upper  map   XIX. 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization        47 

These  maps  do  not  always  show  the  exact  move- 
ment of  the  frontier  line,  but  they  do  show  the 
growth  of  the  frontier  problem. 

The  Phillipine  and  Porto  Eican  acquisitions 
are  not  here  represented,  because  of  the  lack  of 
space  and  time. 

1.  Kame  the  chief  types  of  religion  that  first 
settled  America.     Where  did  each  begin  work  ? 

2.  What  was  the  problem  which  the  churches 
faced?  Discuss  briefly  the  difference  between 
civilization  and  religion.  Upon  what  does  our 
civilization  mainly  rest? 

3.  Name  the  chief  agents  engaged  at  first. 
How  did  they  meet  their  responsibility? 

4.  Describe  the  main  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
evangelizing  the  frontier  at  first  encountered. 
With  what  spirit  were  they  met?  What  may  be 
the  good  effects  of  attacking  obstacles  ? 

5.  Give  a  sketch  of  Francis  McKemie.  What 
type  of  w^orker  did  he  represent?  Give  an  illus- 
tration of  the  evangelistic  use  of  a  college.  Who 
was  the  representative  traveling  evangelist  of  the 
18th  century?  Can  you  give  an  estimate  of  the 
value  of  his  work  ?  Give  an  estimate  of  the  value 
of  the  itinerant  preacher. 

6.  What  motives  carried  population  West  of 
tlie  AUeghanies  after  the  Revolutionary  War? 
How  did  the  invention  of  the  steam  engine  aid 
evangelization  in  the  West?  Give  some  account 
of  Sunday-school  missions  in  the  early  evangeli- 


48  The^Call  of  the  Home  Land 

zation  of  the  West.  Let  representatives  of  each 
denomination  in  the  class,  or  others  specially 
appointed,  present  a  brief  report  on  Sunday-school 
missions  in  each  church. 

7.  Give  a  brief  account  of  how  religion  spread 
over  the  great  Western  plains.  What  permanent 
work  did  the  missionaries  do  here? 

8.  Give  a  brief  narrative  of  Whitman's  win- 
ning the  Oregon  region.  How  long  did  it  take 
Protestant  Christianity  to  spread  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific? 

9.  What  regions  are  yet  to  be  won  in  detail? 
Locate  them  definitely  on  the  map. 

10.  Discuss  the  characteristics  of  frontier  work- 
ers. Can  you  give  illustrations  from  recent  litera- 
ture showing  these  qualities  in  action?  Let  some 
one  here  tell  of  the  Sky  Pilot,  of  Shock  in  the 
Prospector,  and  of  Dr.  Luke  of  Labrador. 

11.  Carefully  estimate  the  work  of  the  home 
missionary,  its  quality,  its  conditions,  its  results, 
its  rewards.  How  have  believers  aided  in  fron- 
tier  work  ?  Why  has  the  Sunday-school  been  use- 
ful ?  Of  what  value  are  schools  and  colleges  on  the 
frontier  ?  To  whose  blessing  is  the  conquest  of  the 
frontier  due  ? 

What  impression  as  to  the  nature  of  frontier 
work  does  this  chapter  make  upon  you?  As  to 
its  importance?  Would  this  be  a  good  place  for 
you  to  invest  your  life  ?  Is  the  Lord  Jesus 
pleased  with  your  decision  as  to  your  life-work? 


The  Advance  Guard  of  Civilization       49 
Is  he  calling  you  to  tlie  frontier  ?     Will  you  go  ? 
Books  of  Refekjence. 

Any  standard  history  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada. 

The  Leavening  of  the  ISTation.     Clark. 

Winning  of  the  West.     Roosevelt. 

Minute   Men   of   the   Frontier.     Puddefoot 

Home  Missionary  Heroes,  Presbyterian  Board 
of  Home  Missions. 

Heroes  of  the  Cross  in  America.     Shelton. 

At  our  Own  Door.     Morris. 

The  Story  of  the  Churches.  Each  denomina- 
tion in  separate  volume.  Baker  &  Taylor  Com- 
pany. 

The  Sunday  School  Man  of  the  South.  Mc- 
Cullough. 

Life  of  Paxson.     Paxson. 

Leaflets  from  Denominational  Home  Mission 
Societies  or  Boards. 


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Ill 

The  Stranger  Within  Our  Gates  :   The  Immi- 
grant. 

Since  1402  in  ever-increasing  numbers  almost  i.  Origins 
every  nation  in  the  world  has  been  contributing 
sons  and  daughters  to  make  America  populous  and 
rich.  The  great  races  of  earth  are  represented — 
Caucasian,  Mongolian,  Malayan,  Negro,  Indian. 
Representatives  of  non-Christian  religions  are 
found  in  the  Japanese,  Chinese,  East  Indian,  Mo- 
hammedans, Corrupt  Christianity  is  represented 
by  Armenians  from  Syria,  the  Greek  Church  from 
Russia  and  Greece,  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
from  Italy,  Portugal,  Spain,  Austria,  Germany, 
France,  Belgium,  Ireland,  Cuba,  and  Mexico.  Two 
hundred  years  ago  the  Negroes  were  savages  in 
Africa.  The  Hebrews  make  a  class  to  themselves. 
Protestants  have  come  to  us  from  England,  Scot- 
land, North  Ireland,  Holland,  Denmark,  Norway, 
Sweden,  Switzerland,  and  Germany. 

The  following  statistics  are  of  interest  as  show-  ^'  Numbers 
ing  facts  concerning  our  foreign  born  population. 
They  are  taken  from  Strong's  Social  Progress  for 
1905: 

51 


52 


The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 


Races  are  represented  as  follows: 

Caucasian 66,809,196 

Negro 8,883,994 

Indian 237,198 

Mongolian 114,189 

Different  religious  creeds  are  represented  below, 
most  of  whom  perhaps  are  foreign  bom: 

Protestants 67,223,000 

Roman  Catholics 11,887,000 

Jews 1,044,000 

Mohammedans 15,000 

Others 421,000 

The  following  exhibit  shows  the  number  of  our 

foreign  born  population  in  1900  from  the  seven 

chief  sources  of  supply : 

Germany 2,663,418 

Ireland 1,615,459 

Canada 1,179,807 

England 840,513 

Sweden 572,014 

Italy 484,027 

Russia 423,726 

Of  interest  is  the  following  analysis  of  immi- 
gration arriving  in  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
in  year  ending  June  30,  1903. 


-o 

m 

03 

c> 

<e 

h 

V 

IV 

0    o 

■* 

-d  4) 

5  V 

"v  't 

a  g 

a  S 

"3 

a  ^ 

■S  § 

Q  2 

o 

«  o 

CS     o 

«5 

0)  ^ 

(r> 

t> 

O   fl 

o  a 

CU    0 

857.046 


3,841 


185,667 


511,302 


The  Immigrant  53 

During  January,  February,  and  March,  1906, 
there  arrived  in  the  United  States  253,068  immi- 
grants, an  increase  of  2,754  over  the  correspond- 
ing months  of  1905.  "On  a  single  day,  April  16, 
1906,  seven  liners  brought  in  11,745  steerage  pas- 
sengers, and  about  15,000  were  due  to  arrive  the 
next  day  on  nine  steamers  more."^  The  total  num- 
ber arriving  in  1905  was  1,027,421. 

(1)  Several  causes  have  combined  to  move  these  3.  What 
immigrants  from  their  birth-place  to  new  and  thes^peopie 
strange  conditions.  In  various  ways  they  have  bere? 
learned  to  think  that  America  is  only  another  name 
for  opportunity.  At  home  they  have  lived  on  small 
farms  with  little  or  no  hope  for  enlargement.  As 
cost  of  living  increases,  they  have  scant  oppor- 
tunity to  enlarge  their  incomes,  and  so  added  pov- 
erty comes.  The  need  for  laborers  and  the  high 
price  paid  for  work  make  a  strong  call  to  them. 
They  have  heard  of  the  tens  of  thousands  of  acres 
of  good  farming  lands  free  to  the  actual  settler,  or 
for  sale  at  a  trifling  cost.  They  have  been  told 
something  of  the  great  cities,  calling  for  men  in 
every  line  of  work;  of  the  railroads'  hungry  de- 
mand for  laborers;  of  the  vast  fields  laden  with 
rich  harvests  waiting  for  reapers ;  of  good  houses 
and  unheard  of  comforts  that  are  the  rewards  of 
frugality  and  industry.  To  this  land  of  what 
seems  to  them  universal  prosperity,  they  turn  their 
hearts  and  faces.  America  is  a  great  magnet  to 
them. 

'See  Collier's  Weekly,  April  28. 1906. 


54  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

(2)  Forces  at  work  in  their  native  places  have 
tended  strongly  to  drive  them  forth.  In  nearly  all 
the  European  nations  there  is  more  or  less  political 
disturbance  and  unrest.  The  old  order  and  the 
new  era  are  in  conflict,  and  no  one  knows  what  the 
morrow  may  bring  forth.  The  strife  in  Eussia 
betw^een  tlie  aristocratic  class  and  the  peasants,  the 
irreconcilable  enmity  and  strife  between  the  Turk 
and  the  Greek,  the  spread  of  socialism  in  Ger- 
many, the  unsettled  questions  between  Church  and 
State  in  France,  the  universal  cry  of  the  poor  and 
the  oppressed  against  the  rich  and  ruling,  are  sam- 
ples of  the  political  questions  which  keep  men  un- 
easy. Everywhere  in  Continental  Europe  there  are 
signs  of  war.  Vast  armies  maneuver  annually, 
and  the  soldier  is  seen  in  every  community.  Each 
family  is  linked  by  law  to  the  army,  while  vast 
sums  are  being  spent  in  naval  rivalry. 

The  total  army  establishment  in  times  of  peace 

in  six  countries  is  seen  in  the  following  table  : 

Men.  War  Budget. 

Germany 617,977  $143,945,000 

France 549,372  134,450,710 

Italy 277,976  55,801,670 

Austria 383,869  76,254,140 

Russia 4,551,000  191,652,735 

Great  Britain 221,800  172,500,000 

The  necessary  expenses  of  government,  the  sup- 
port of  an  idle  aristocracy,  and  the  maintenance  of 
huge  armies  and  navies  combine  to  increase  the 
burden  of  taxation  nearly  to  the  limit  of  endur- 
ance. 


The  Immigrant  55 

In  Central  Europe  the  population  is  so  dense 
that  the  struggle  for  existence  is  most  intense.  The 
population  per  square  mile  in  Great  Britain  is 
346 ;  in  Belgium,  589 ;  in  France,  188 ;  in  Ger- 
many, 269;  in  Austria,  226;  in  the  United 
States,  21. 

In  the  countries  whence  our  immigrants  came 
poverty  is  widespread  and  grinding.  The  follow- 
ing statement  from  Strong's  "Social  Progress," 
p.  89,  illustrates  the  difference  between  the  Ameri- 
can and  European  workingman  in  the  matter  of 
food:  "Dr.  E.  R.  Gould  finds  that  the  American 
workingman,  the  best  paid  workingman  in  the 
world,  is  also  the  best  fed;  and  although  it  costs 
more  to  employ  him  in  money,  he  produces  so  much 
more  work  because  of  the  high  standard  of  living, 
that  he  is  also  really  the  cheapest  working-man  of 
the  world.  From  Dr.  Gould's  data,  taking  100  as 
the  quantity  of  each  article  consumed  by  the  aver- 
age workingman  in  the  United  States,  the  follow- 
ing figures  would  represent  the  quantity  con- 
sumed by  the  average  European  workingman,  ac- 
cording to  the  average  consumption  of  the  British, 
Belgian,  German,  and  French  workmen  taken  to- 
gether: Meat,  33;  lean  or  fat,  50;  eggs,  85;  but- 
ter, 100;  flour,  100 ;  potatoes,  175 ;  sugar,  25 ;  cof- 
fee, 85." 

In  several  European  countries,  notably  in  Rus- 
sia, religious  persecution  is  practiced  to  such  an 
extent  that  a  man  cannot  worship  God  according 


56  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

to  the  demands  of  his  conscience  without  permis- 
sion from  the  civil  authorities,  and  in  some  cases 
not  at  all. 

(7)  It  appears  that  there  are  forces  at  work  now 
to  drive  men  from  home  to  America.  During  the 
last  half  of  the  19th  century  there  was  a  wonder- 
ful development  of  facilities  for  travel  by  sea  and 
by  land.  Great  railroads  penetrate  Europe  in  all 
directions,  making  it  comparatively  easy,  safe,  and 
cheap  for  a  family  to  get  to  a  seaport.  At  the 
Tvharves  in  every  European  seaport  immense  steam- 
ships wait  to  take  the  emigrant  across  sea.  One 
ship  has  been  known  to  carry  more  than  three 
thousand  emigrants  at  one  time  in  comparative 
comfort  and  perfect  safety.  Landing  at  one  of 
our  seaports  they  find  (statistics  of  1904)  some 
690  operating  companies  with  209,002  miles  of 
railroad,  whose  agents  vie  with  one  another  for 
the  privilege  of  carrying  the  immigrant  to  any  part 
of  our  land.  Says  a  prominent  periodical,  "In  this 
country  there  are  nearly  thirty  thousand  more  miles 
of  railway  than  in  all  the  seventeen  countries  of 
Europe." 
4.  Reception      When  an  emigrant  ship  nears  our  shores,  she 

n  the  United  °  ^     .  .         .  , 

States  must  first  stop  at  the  quarantine  station  for  a  close 

inspection  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  contagious 

disease.     He  is  then  carefully  examined  in  view 

of  the  following  law:  "Act  of  Congress,  March  3, 

1903.     Section  2.    That  the  following  classes  of 

aliens  shall  be  excluded  from  admission  into  the 


The  Immigrant  57 

United  States.  All  idiots,  insane  persons,  epilep- 
tics, and  persons  who  have  been  insane  within  five 
years  previous ;  persons  who  have  had  two  or  more 
attacks  of  insanity  at  any  time  previously;  pau- 
pers ;  persons  likely  to  become  a  public  charge ; 
professional  beggars;  persons  afflicted  with  a 
loathsome  or  with  a  dangerous  contagious  disease ; 
persons  who  have  been  convicted  of  a  felony  or 
other  crime  or  misdemeanor  involving  moral  turpi- 
tude ;  polygamists,  anarchists,  or  persons  who  be- 
lieve in  or  advocate  the  overthrow  by  force  or  vio- 
lence of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  or 
of  all  government  or  of  all  forms  of  law,  or  the 
assassination  of  public  officials ;  prostitutes,  and 
persons  who  procure  or  attempt  to  bring  in  prosti- 
tutes or  women  for  the  purpose  of  prostitution; 
those  who  have  been,  within  one  year  from  the  date 
of  the  application  for  admission  to  the  United 
States,  deported  as  being  under  offers,  solicita- 
tions, promises  or  agreements  to  perform  labor  or 
service  of  some  kind  therein ;  and  also  any  person 
whose  ticket  or  passage  is  paid  for  with  the  money 
of  another,  or  who  is  assisted  by  others  to  come, 
unless  it  is  affirmatively  and  satisfactorily  shown 
tliat  such  person  does  not  belong  to  one  of  the  fore- 
going excluded  classes;  but  this  section  shall  not 
be  held  to  prevent  persons  living  in  the  United 
States  from  sending  for  a  relative  or  friend  who  is 
not  of  the  foregoing  excluded  classes.  Provided, 
That  nothing  m  this  act  shall  exclude  persons  con- 


58  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

victed  of  an  offense  purely  political,  not  involving 
moral  turpitude.  And  'provided  fiurtlier.  That 
skilled  labor  may  be  imported,  if  labor  of  like  kind 
unemployed  can  not  be  found  in  this  country.  And 
provided  further,  That  the  provisions  of  this  law 
applicable  to  contract  labor  shall  not  be  held  to  ex- 
clude professional  actors,  artists,  lecturers,  singers, 
ministers  of  any  religious  denominatiou,  profes- 
sors for  colleges  or  seminaries,  persons  belonging  to 
any  recognized  learned  profession,  or  persons  em- 
ployed strictly  as  personal  or  domestic  servants." 
Landing  at  Castle  Garden,  I^ew  York,  for  ex- 
ample, with  his  wife  and  children  and  all  his  sim- 
ple worldly  possessions,  he  faces  conditions  very 
different  from  what  he  ever  knew.  Being  from 
the  continent  of  Europe  he  cannot  speak  our  lan- 
guage, and  tlie  words  which  he  hears  about  him 
convey  to  his  sluggish  mind  no  ideas.  When  he 
comes  upon  the  streets  he  is  met  by  solicitors  of 
bar-rooms  and  other  evil  establishments,  and  a 
thousand  pitfalls  are  in  his  path.  Perhaps  he  is 
met  by  some  kinsman  or  friend  who  shows  him 
where  to  get  lodging  and  helps  him  to  find  work. 
Now  and  then  he  is  met  by  the  same  employment 
agent,  ready  to  send  him  inland  to  farm  or  factory. 
His  condition  is  pitiful  indeed.  He  stands  be- 
tween the  old  life  and  the  new.  The  wide  ocean 
separates  him  from  friends  and  from  the  only  life 
he  has  known.  After  awhile  the  immigrant  de- 
cides that  he  will  become  a  citizen  of  our  Eepublic, 


The  Immigrant  59 

He  must  tJien  go  before  a  United  States  court  and 
make  oath  that  it  is  his  "intention  to  become  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  renounce  forever, 
all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  every  foreign  prince, 
potentate,  state  and  sovereignty  whatever,  and  par- 
ticularly all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  the"  country 
from  which  he  comes.  At  the  end  of  five  years 
from  his  landing  he  may  get  his  naturalization 
papers  on  the  following  conditions :  That  he  make 
oath  to  a  United  States  court  that  he  came  to  this 
country  before  he  was  eighteen  years  old,  and  has 
lived  here  ever  since ;  that  he  is  —  years  old  and 
for  more  than  three  years  has  intended  to  become  a 
citizen;  that  he  prove  by  three  witnesses  that  he 
has  lived  in  the  United  States  five  years  at  least, 
and  in  a  certain  State  for  one  year;  that  he  has 
been  a  man  of  "good  moral  character,  attached  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  well  dis- 
posed to  the  good  order  and  happiness  thereof"  ; 
that  he  is  not  an  anarchist ;  that  he  has  not  violated 
the  law  concerning  the  admission  of  aliens;  that 
he  will  support  our  Constitution;  and  that  he  re- 
nounces all  allegiance  to  every  foreign  sovereignty. 

The  influence  of  this  embryonic  citizen  will  be  5  Tne 
determined  chiefly  by  his  history  and  character.  J^°^^^*°*'^ 
With  scant  political  education  and  training  in  the 
privileges  and  duties  of  citizenship,  he  is  likely  to 
become  an  easy  prey  of  the  political  manager,  who 
finds  an  effective  way  of  controlling  his  vote.  Be- 
fore he  can  add  strength  to  the  State,  he  must  be' 


60  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

come  assimilated.  Many  old  ideas  anl  prejudices 
must  be  surrendered.  By  a  process  more  or  less 
rapid  and  thorough,  he  becomes  like  the  men 
around  him.  The  habits  of  thought  and  action 
bred  into  him  during  generations  in  the  Eastern 
world  must  be  broken  and  the  habits  of  the  West- 
ern world  must  dominate  him.  He  becomes  Occiden- 
talized.  As  he  enters  more  into  the  new  life,  he  is 
captured  by  its  freedom  and  its  optimism.  He 
thinls;s  as  he  pleases,  he  expresses  his  opinions  with 
perfect  independence,  and  he  goes  where  he  likes 
without  challenge  or  passport.  Asked  as  to  his 
condition  and  prospects,  he  promptly  replies,  "All 
right!"     He  has  been  Americanized. 

This  man  with  others  like  him  has  a  moral  in- 
fluence also  that  needs  to  be  noted.  Though  he 
may  be  able  to  read  and  write,  he  probably  does 
neither  to  a  large  extent — certainly  not  at  first. 
If  he  has  come  from  a  land  where  the  Greek  or 
Roman  Church  is  dominant,  it  is  certain  that  his 
moral  education  is  defective.  Distinctions  between 
right  and  Avrong  are  dull,  for  he  has  not  read  the 
Bible  carefully  and  has  trusted  the  priest  to  make 
moral  decisions  for  him.  Finding  himself  free 
here  he  is  apt  to  give  rein  to  passions  long  re- 
strained or  to  find  new  channels  for  their  exces- 
sive indulgence.  Tempted  by  the  promise  and 
glitter  of  new  things,  he  easily  falls  into  sin.  Long 
used  to  the  light  wines  and  beer  of  his  native  land, 
he  is  easly  tempted  to  drink  heavily  of  our  stronger 


The  Immigrant  61 

liquors.  He  has  brought  with  him  the  Continental 
view  of  Sabbath-keeping  and  uses  the  Lord's  Day 
for  physical  recreation  and  amusement.  Long  ac- 
customed to  regard  woman  as  his  inferior,  he  with 
difficulty  learns  the  American  idea  of  purity  and 
equality  in  his  treatment  of  her.  His  own  charac- 
ter is  not  the  sole  sufferer  from  his  moral  weakness. 
As  a  member  of  a  community  of  men  much  like 
himself,  he  helps  to  perpetuate  and  propagate  his 
moral  defects  until  his  immorality  becomes  a  con- 
tagion in  his  vicinity.  It  is  well  enough  to  assimi- 
late him  to  our  thought  and  life,  to  strip  from  him 
his  Continental  and  Oriental  garments  and  customs 
and  clothe  him  in  Occidental  freshness,  to  teach 
him  the  genius  of  American  life,  but  there  is  a 
higher  step  yet  to  which  he  must  be  led.  We  must 
Christianize  him.  Perhaps  the  last  element  of  the 
old  life  to  disappear  will  be  the  religious.  Amer- 
ica prescribes  to  him  no  creed.  The  church  here 
simply  offers  him  the  Christ  and  says,  "Follow 
Him." 

We  easily  discover  three  processes  through  e.  Methods 
which  we  must  take  our  brother.  He  must  be  °fWork 
taught — information  must  be  imparted.  He  must 
be  induced  to  lay  his  life  out  along  new  lines — 
his  reformation  must  be  effected.  His  character 
must  be  remodeled — ^his  transformation  must  be 
secured. 

Some  wise  plan  must  be  devised  for  distribut-  (i.)  Distri- 
ing  immigrants   more   widely  over  the   country.  '^'^*^°'^- 


62  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

The  present  tendency  is  for  them  to  settle  near 
N'ew  York.  The  following  table  shows  their  con- 
centration. During  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1904,  the  following  five  States  received: 


a  "  ^ 

B  £i 

New  York 263,150  32 

Pennsylvania 146,478  18 

Massachusetts 58,411  7 

New  Jersey 41,780  5 

Connecticut 18,520  2.3 

These  five  States  received 528,339  64.2 

Sixty-four  out  of  every  one  hundred  immigrants 
in  that  year  stopped  within  three  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  of  New  York  City.  That  means  that  the 
mining  and  manufacturing  section  is  receiving  the 
lion's  share. 

The  following  table  is  equally  interesting.  Dur- 
ing this  same  year 

m 

a 

es 

.£?  g 

a  s 

South  Carolina  received 95  1/100 

North  Carolina  received 112  1/100 

Oklahoma  received 290  4/100 

Indian  Territory  received 422  5/100 

Georgia  received 499  6/100 

These  five  States  received 1,418  17/100 

This  means  that  the  South,  which  has  vast  areas 

of  unimproved  farming  lands  and  immeasurable 


The  Immigrant  63 

undeveloped  resources,  is  receiving  the  fewest  num- 
ber of  immigTants.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
wider  distribution  woukl  hasten  the  new  citizen's 
development  and  would  be  helpful  to  the  whole 
country. 

Undoubtedly  the  first  service  to  perform  for  (2)  Work 
our  new  brother  is  to  help  him  to  get  hon- 
orable, wholesome,  instructive  work.  Hitherto 
his  labor  has  been  drudgery  and  all  work, 
toil.  With  his  initiation  into  the  life  of  an  jimer- 
ican  workman,  he  needs  to  be  taught  its  freedom, 
its  self-respect,  its  masterfulness,  and  its  gladness. 
We  need  to  make  it  difficult,  if  not  impossible, 
for  him  to  be  long  idle. 

The  American  free  public  school  is  the  supreme  (3)  Schools 
opportunity  for  the  immigrant  child  to  become 
quickly  and  thoroughly  Americanized.  During 
the  year  ending  June  30,  1903,  a  total  of 
102,431  children  of  foreign  birth  under  four- 
teen years  of  age  entered  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  In  a  very  short  time  they  enter  our 
schools  by  the  thousand.  Here  they  quickly  learn 
to  read,  write  and  speak  our  language,  and  by 
contact  with  our  native  boni  children  they  learn 
our  customs.  They  in  time  become  the  teachers 
of  their  parents  at  home. 

The  Christian  church  has  striven  to  do  her  duty  (4)  The 
to    these    one-time    strangers.     At    the    principal  ^^^^^^ 
ports   of   entry   there   is   a   gracious   opportunity 
for  various   persons   and   societies   appointed   by 


64  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

the  different  denominations  to  receive  and  wel- 
come them.  When  they  remain  permanently 
in  the  cities,  they  naturally  settle  in  the  quar- 
ter where  their  fellow-countrymen  reside.  Here 
the  churches  endeavor  to  follow  them.  In  many 
cases  visitors  call  at  their  homes  to  become 
acquainted  and  to  invite  them  to  their  churches. 
They  seek  to  be  of  real  service,  often  bringing 
sweet  relief  in  cases  of  hunger,  nakedness  and 
sickness,  and  often  saving  the  unsuspecting  from 
the  snares  laid  for  them  by  the  wicked.  In  many 
cases  where  a  particular  colony  is  large  enough,  a 
native  pastor  is  employed  to  visit  the  homes  and 
to  preach  in  the  church  and  chapels  especially 
built  for  them.  In  this  work  the  Sunday-school 
is  especially  useful.  Here  the  children  are  regu- 
larly taught  the  Bible  itself  with  its  blessed  heal- 
ing and  up-building  truths,  to  sing  the  sweet  songs 
of  Zion,  to  reverence  the  Lord's  Day,  to  pray,  and 
to  rejoice  together  in  its  brightness.  From  these 
schools  they  take  good  literature  in  their  native 
tongues  and  in  English  back  to  their  homes,  where 
its  silent  work  goes  on  daily.  The  circulation  of 
especially  written  tracts  and  leaflets  is  carried 
on  extensively. 

(5)  In  all  forms  of  work  certain  considerations 
must  be  kept  steadily  in  view.  It  is  always  and 
everywhere  desirable  to  break  up  the  solidarity 
which  results  from  the  establishment  of  "quar- 
ters," where  old  habits  of  thought  and  old  preju- 


The  Immigrant  65 

dices  are  ke^Dt  alive.  Many  of  these  opinions  and 
customs  are  inconsistent  with  American  citizen- 
ship, to  say  nothing  of  Christianity. 

(6)  In  order  to  do  the  most  effective  service, 
it  is  best  for  the  worker  to  understand,  not  only 
the  American  point  of  view,  but  that  of  the  for- 
eigner also.  Next  to  a  competent  knowledge  of 
the  Word  of  God,  skill  in  its  use,  and  a  pure 
Christian  character,  the  establishment  of  this  point 
of  contact  is  of  the  highest  value.  What  a  straight 
road  to  an  Italian's  heart  is  some  bit  of  accurate 
knowledge  as  to  his  condition  and  prospects  at 
home. 

(Y)  In  all  this  work  there  is  an  enormous 
demand  for  genuine  sympathy.  With  what  long- 
ings do  these  strangers  turn  hearts  back  across 
the  sea  to  the  home-land !  Loneliness  seizes  upon 
them.  Poverty  hinders  prog[ress.  Temptations 
come  thick  and  sharp.  Curiosity  about  their  hab- 
its is  natural  and  to  a  certain  degree  is  proper. 
We  cannot  refuse  to  pity  them.  But  Jesus  Christ 
loves  them  with  infinite  yearning.  Into  this  love 
we  must  enter  and  in  their  joys  and  sorrows  we 
must  sympathize.  We  must  shake  ourselves  free 
from  national  prejudices,  must  strangle  our  pride 
of  birth  or  station,  and  humble  ourselves  that  we 
may  lift  them  up. 

Information   truly   he  must   have.     The   only  7   His 
freedom  denied  to  any  man  in  our  beloved  country  Need^'^^ 
is  freedom  to  be  ignorant  and  to  do  wrong.     Intel- 


66  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

ligence  is  not  only  the  safeguard  of  liberty,  it  is 
the  very  fountain  from  which  it  flows.  Knowl- 
edge must  be  so  abundant  and  so  insistent  that 
no  man  can  remain  ignorant,  even  if  he  wishes 
to.  Such  must  be  the  supremacy  of  law  in  our 
land,  that  a  man  must  at  least  maintain  the  sem- 
blance of  right  conduct.  The  law  can  indeed  re- 
strain the  wicked  man  and  force  him  to  reforma- 
tion. But  neither  information  nor  reformation 
can  give  him  a  new  heart  and  cause  him  to  think 
right,  to  feel  right,  and  to  do  right.  Reformation 
to  American  ideals  and  habits  is  indeed  desire- 
able;  but  his  supreme  need  is  to  be  transformed 
by  the  renewing  of  his  mind,  that  he  may  prove 
what  is  the  good  and  acceptable  and  perfect  will 
of  God. 
8.  A  Great  Perhaps  in  the  history  of  the  world,  there  has 
xpermen  j^gy^j.  j^g^j^  such  an  experiment  made  in  state- 
building  as  we  in  America  have  been  making  for 
a  hundred  years.  Stop  and  think.  For  all  these 
long  years  racial  types  have  been  coming  to  us 
freely,  bringing  in  their  fundamental  natures  all 
the  racial  differences  implanted  by  God  and  in- 
tensified by  suffering  and  isolation.  Here  Cau- 
casian, Indian,  Malay,  Mongolian,  and  Negro  meet 
and  become  brothers.  To  our  welcoming  shores 
have  come  national  types  from  every  land  on  earth, 
developed  by  the  influence  of  peace  and  war  and 
fixed  for  ages.  To  these  have  been  added  types 
of  individuals,  with  all  tlie  differences  resulting 


The  Immigrant  67 

from  temperament  and  education.  And  still  they 
come,  joining  types  which  are  distinctly  American. 
What  is  to  be  the  resultant  ultimate  type  ?  Here 
they  are — ^German,  French,  Russian,  Italian, 
Irish,  Hollander,  English,  Turk,  Chinese,  Indian, 
Japanese,  JSTegi-o,  Hindu  and  Esquimo,  'New  Eng- 
lander,  Virginian,  ISTew  Yorker,  frontiersman, 
heathen,  Romanist,  Protestant.  Some  of  the 
best  and  wisest  men  in  the  land  look  upon 
this  experiment  in  assimilation  with  anxiety. 
Will  our  institutions  stand  the  shock?  Surely 
there  is  enough  here  to  make  us  thoughtful  and  to 
arouse  us  to  utmost  exertion. 

Up  to  the  present  the  results  surely  have  clearly  Reauits 
justified  the  experiment.  A  swift  glance  over  tlie 
brief  life  of  our  nation,  recalls  type  after  type 
of  noble  manhood  and  womanhood,  quickened, 
strengthened,  and  beautified  by  America's  trans- 
forming touch.  No  section,  scarcely  any  consid- 
erable community  in  the  land,  has  failed  to  feel 
the  impetus  to  industry  and  the  improvement  in 
educational  science  and  art,  given  by  some  son 
adopted  from  an  alien  house-hold.  There  is  a 
growing  opinion  that  further  legislation  is  needed 
in  order  to  protect  our  institutions  against  the 
lowest  types  of  immigrants,  while  we  invite  the  en- 
trance of  the  highest.  No  doubt  this  will  be 
done  in  due  time.  On  the  whole  the  outlook  is 
hopeful. 


68  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

10.  The  In  Jerusalem  for  the  Day  of  Pentecost  God 
Future  gathered  "Jews,  devout  men  from  every  nation  un- 
der heaven."  This  new  Jew,  this  new  pentecostal 
type  of  manhood,  began  at  once  to  perfect  and 
perpetuate  itself  through  the  proclamation  of  the 
truth.  Is  it  too  much  for  us  to  believe  that  the 
Lord  Jesus  may  be  gathering  in  our  good  land 
"men  from  every  nation  under  heaven,"  that 
through  the  renewing  and  unifying  power  of  his 
Spirit  a  new  type  of  manhood  may  go  forth  to 
bring  the  nations  to  His  feet? 

Questions  and  Hints. 

1.  What  races  are  represented  in  American  pop- 
ulation ?  What  religions  ?  What  part  of  Europe 
do  the  Roman  Catholics  chiefly  come  from  ?  The 
Prostestants  ? 

2.  What  racial  type  is  most  numerous  in  Amer^ 
ica  ?  Compare  in  numbers  Roman  Catholics  and 
Protestants  ?  Why  so  many  Jews  ?  So  few 
Chinese  ?  Wliat  country  supplies  the  largest  num- 
ber of  immigrants  ?  Why  is  this  ?  What  per  cent 
of  the  whole  number  of  immigrants  in  1904  were 
under  fourteen  years  of  age?  What  impression 
does  the  per  cent  of  illiteracy  make  upon  you  ? 
What  was  the  per  cent  of  increase  in  1904  as  com- 
pared with  1903  ? 

3.  (1)  What  new  opportunities  draw  immi- 
grants here  ?  ( 2 )  What  forces  drive  them  from 
home  ?     Can  you  add  others  ? 

4.  Discuss    the    causes    for    excluding    aliens. 


The  Immigrant  69 

Describe  the  immigrants'  landing?  Here  clip- 
pings and  pictures  from  papers  and  magazines  will 
be  especially  helpful.  Upon  what  conditions  may 
a  foreigner  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ? 

5.  When  does  he  become  assimliated  ?  What 
is  meant  by  "occidentalized"  ?  When  is  he  Amer- 
icanized ?     VThj  must  he  be  Christianized  also  ? 

6.  (1)  Discuss  the  problem  of  distribution. 
(2)  What  is  the  American  idea  of  work?  Why 
is  it  necessary  to  give  an  immigrant  work?  (3) 
What  effects  has  the  public  school,  upon  his  chil- 
dren, on  him  ?  (4)  What  agencies  does  the 
church  employ  in  reaching  after  him  ?  ( 5 )  ^Vhy 
is  it  helpful  to  break  up  the  foreign  "quarters"  in 
the  large  cities  ?  (6)  Give  an  estimate  of  the  im- 
portance of  understanding  his  point  of  view.  (7) 
"\Mierein  lies  his  claim  to  sympathy  ? 

7.  What  is  his  supreme  need  ?     Why  ? 

8.  What  three  main  types  are  represented 
among  the  immigrants  ?  Is  this  mixture  a  proper 
cause  for  serious  thought  ?     Why  ? 

9.  What  has  been  the  result  of  the  mixture  in 
the  main  ?  IN^ame  several  foreign  born  citizens, 
dead  or  alive,  who  have  done  our  country  distin- 
guished service  ?  Can  you  name  any  who  have 
done  harm  ? 

10.  Why  is  there  need  of  further  legislation  to 
regulate  immig-ration  ?  What  do  you  think  of 
the  idea  that  God  is  making  here  a  new  type  of 
manhood  to  evangelize  the  nations  ? 


70  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

11.  ISTame  some  duties  wliieli  this  chapter  makes 
plain  to  jour  church?  To  your  college?  To 
your  society  ?  What  privileges  ?  To  you  ?  Why 
not  establish  a  Chinese  Sunday-school,  or  teach  a 
class?  Italian?  Greek?  Cuban?  Mexican? 
Does  Christ  Jesus  want  you  to  invest  your  life 
here  ?  Write  out  three  good  reasons  why  he  does 
not  Write  three  good  reasons  why  he  does  ? 
Which  are  the  stronger?  What  are  you  going  to 
do  about  it? 

Books  of  Reference. 

Reports  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  ol 
Immigration. 

Emigration  and  Immigration,  by  R.  M.  Smith. 

Report  of  the  United  States  Industrial  Com- 
mission.    Vol.  15. 

Social  Progress  1905,  by  Josiah  Strong. 

Literature  from  your  Denominational  Board  of 
Home  Missions. 

Aliens  or  Americans  ?     Grose. 


IV 

A  Race  Problejsi  :  The  Negro  in  the  South. 

The  origin  of  the  IS^egro  race  is  uncertain.  For  i.  Origrin 
ages  its  home  has  been  the  continent  of  Africa, 
with  its  11,-103,000^  square  miles,  and  its  popu- 
lation of  148,669,000,  giving  an  average  of 
thirteen  persons  to  the  square  mile.  It  would 
not  he  accurate  to  say  that  all  these  people 
belong  to  the  Negro  race,  but  certainly  a  great  ma' 
jority  are  of  this  family.  Most  of  the  colored 
people  in  the  United  States  are  descended  from 
ancestors  who  lived  on  or  near  the  west  coast  of 
Africa. 

Previous  to  their  transportation  to  America,  2.  Their 
they  were  sunk  in  very  low  fonus  of  sav-  condition 
agery.  They  lived  in  tribes  with  little  or- 
ganization, and  inhabited  rude  huts  to  shel- 
ter them  from  the  heat  and  rain.  Their  food 
consisted  mainly  of  wild  fruit  and  such  game  as 
their  cunning  and  skill  with  rude  weapons  enabled 
them  to  take.  Their  idea  of  a  God  was  that  He 
Avas  always  angi'y  and  must  be  placated  with  sac- 
rifice. They  were  enslaved  by  superstition  and 
lived  in  abject  fear  of  evil  spirits.  Their  moral 
standards  were  low  in  the  extreme.  For  ages 
they  had  been  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  supply 
for  the  slave  markets  of  the  world. 

'Statistics  are  taken  from  Strong's  "Social  Frogress,"  1005, 

71 


72  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

3.  Brought       gQ  £^j,  ^g  ij^g  records  show,  they  have  never 

Out  by  .  .  . 

Force  been  an  exploring,  or  emigrating,   or  colonizing 

race.  They  have  been  content,  on  the  whole, 
to  remain  undisturbed  by  the  movements  of 
the  world  outside.  The  slave  trader  has  fol- 
lowed his  unholy  calling  until  the  present 
time  and  has  personally  or  through  his  paid  or 
impressed  agents  captured  the  natives  in  their  for- 
est homes  and  brought  them,  often  with  unspeak- 
able cruelty,  to  the  sea-coast,  where  other  slave 
traders  waited  to  carry  them  by  force  in  earlier 
days  amid  the  horrors  of  the  slave-ships,  to  distant 
lands  for  sale. 

4.  Appear-       j^   ^]^q   middle   of   the   fifteenth   century    Ne- 

ancein  n       i  i         •         i  n 

America  gro  slaves  were  annually  brought  m  thousands 
to  Europe.  In  1553  they  were  freed  in 
England.  The  Spaniards  brought  them  freely 
to  their  American  colonies,  and  in  the  year 
1619  a  Dutch  ship  landed  nineteen  Negroes 
at  Jamestown  in  Virginia.  Throughout  the 
whole  colonial  period  this  trade  was  regularly 
kept  up,  until  in  1775  it  is  estimated  that  there 
were  500,000  black  slaves  here,  a  number  equal 
to  19  per  cent  of  the  entire  population.  The  ISTew 
England  colonies,  as  well  as  those  in  the  South, 
bought  and  sold  and  kept  slaves.  "Thousands  of 
negro  slaves  were  sold  into  N^ew  England,^  Boston 
merchants  engaged  in  the  Guinea  trade,  but  l^ew- 
port,  R.  I.,  was  the  great  center  of  this  traflfic." 
"The  following  advertisement  taken  from  the  Con- 

iSee  Dorcbeater's  "Christianity  in  the  United  States,"  p.  22g. 


f 


A  Race  Problem  73 

nedicut  Gazette  (ISTew  Haven),  October  1,  175 Y, 
will  tell  the  story  of  the  African  slave  trade  in 
Connecticut  at  that  time:  To  he  sold:  Several 
likely  ISTegTO  boys  and  girls:  an-ived  from  the 
coast  of  Africa.  Samnel  Willis,  at  Middletown." 
Many  reasons  combined  to  increase  their  numbers 
in  the  South,  of  which  two  were  the  growth  of  cot- 
ton raising  and  the  suitableness  of  the  climate. 

In  slave  days  the  Negro  as  a  rule  had  a  com-  ^-  Condition 
fortable  house  to  live  in  and  was  well  clothed,  slavery 
His  food  was  plain  but  plentiful  and  whole- 
some. "When  he  was  sick,  he  was  attended 
by  his  owner's  physician.  He  was  taught  the 
use  of  tools  and  was  forced  to  work  when 
he  showed  unwillingness.  Marriage  was  recog- 
nized, but  at  times  the  family  tie  was  broken 
and  its  members  sold  apart.  He  was  taught  the 
difference  between  right  and  wrong,  and  wrong 
doing  was  promptly  punished.  A  Christian  mas- 
ter usually  provided  religious  instruction  for  his 
slaves,  who  often  sat  in  his  church  and  listened 
to  his  pastor.  Occasionally  they  were  taught  the 
elements  of  learning,  but  generally  they  were  illit- 
erate. N^o  apology  is  here  offered  for  human 
slavery.  Our  nation  is  absolutely  united  in  re- 
joicing that  the  institution  is  dead,  without  possi- 
bility of  resurrection. 

The  total  results  of  slavery  was  the  civilization,  q    rp^^a,! 
in  thousands  of  cases  the  Christianization,  of  the  Results  of 
Kfigro,     He  did  not  rise  to  the  civilized  life  by 


74  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

ages  of  struggle  and  suffering.     He  was  introduced 
suddenly  against  his  will  into  a  Christian  civiliza- 
tion.   He  became  civilized  by  two  processes.    First 
he  was  forced  to  clothe  himself,  to  obey  the  law, 
to  work,  to  adjust  himself  to  a  state  of  society  of 
which  he  had  been  utterly  ignorant.     This  was 
civilization  by  compulsion.     Then  he  imitated  the 
institutions   and   customs,   good   and  bad,   of  his 
master.     In  this  he  has  always  been  expert.    Here 
was  civilization  by  imitation. 
7.  What       American  citizenship  brings  with   it  both   the 
Emancipa^  right  and  privilege  of  freedom.  It  generally  brings 
tion  Meant  the  right  to  vote.     Duties  and  privileges  are  both 
involved  in  it.     The  right  to  vote  implies  intelli- 
gence.    The  privileges  of  citizenship  imply  grave 
responsibility  and  every  citizen  is  obliged  morally 
to  maintain  it  unhurt  and  to  improve  society  of 
which  he  is  a  member.     When  suddenly  freed  by 
military  decree  the  Negro  entered   at  once  into 
privileges  which  he  could  not  appreciate,  and  which 
in  numerous  cases  he  abused.     His  chief  addition 
to  the  high  civilization  which  he  received  by  imi- 
tation and  compulsion  was  his  power  to  do  physi- 
cal work,  which  was  no  small  contribution.     But 
he  had  no  power  to  improve  society  by  any  con- 
tribution of  thought  or  of  moral  energy.     He  was 
made  responsible  for  doing  what  he  could  not  do, 
and  his  very  situation  was  filled  with  cruelty. 
8.  Recon-       At  the  close   of  the    Civil  War  in   1865    the 
§  ruct^jpQ  social    life    pf   the    South    was    shattered.      For 


A  Race  Problem  75 

ten  years  Congress  tried  to  reconstruct  Southern 
institutions  without  paying  much  attention  to 
Southern  opinion  or  social  conscience.  So  far  as 
the  relation  of  the  Negro  citizen  to  his  old  master 
was  concerned,  there  sprang  up  antagonisms,  sharp 
and  threatening,  and  covering  every  human  inter- 
est, political,  social,  industrial,  educational,  and 
religious.  Most  of  these  antagonisms  have  soft- 
ened with  time  and  experience,  especially  those 
having  to  do  with  education  and  religion  and  to  a 
considerable  degree  with  politics. 

The  discussions  and  experiences  of  the  past  forty  9.  some 
years  have  strongly  united  Southern  opinion  and,  ^^+!®^^ 
increasingly,  public  opinion  at  large  as  to  the  fol- 
lowing points : 

(1)  The  Negro  will  continue  to  live  in  the 
South. 

(2)  The  average  Negro  is  inferior  to  the  aver- 
age white  man  in  initiation,  in  construction,  and 
in  administration. 

(3)  The  price  of  peace  is  separation,  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  all  educational,  social,  and  relig- 
ious affairs. 

(4)  There  is  an  increasing  class  of  Negroes 
who  are  intelligent,  independent,  resourceful,  and 
genuinely  and  ethically  religious. 

(5)  There  is  a  large  criminal  class  of  Negroes, 
who  are  the  chief  source  of  th^  race  troubles  in  the 
country, 


76  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

(6)  The  great  mass  of  the  ISTegro  population, 
still  living  in  the  rural  districts,  are  quiet,  con- 
tent, and  surely  improving  in  all  material  mat- 
ters. 

(7)  The  religious  life  is  more  intelligent,  but 
it  is  still  far  too  emotional  and  unethical. 

10.  Present  As  a  rule,  the  pure-blooded  ISTegTO  is  a  fine  speci- 
men of  physical  strength.     He  is  capable  of  great 

(1)  Physical  ^^^  prolonged  labor.  Many  think  him  lazy  by 
nature,  having  little  conception  of  the  real  mean- 
ing and  dignity  of  labor.  This  anecdote  illustrates 
his  love  of  ease.  A  Negro  farm  hand  was  found  by 
his  landlord,  asleep  in  the  field  under  a  shady  tree 
in  the  middle  of  the  afternoon.  Going  up  to  him, 
the  man  said:  ''Wake  up,  Jim.  What  is  the 
matter  with  you  f  "  'Tain't  nothing  the  matter 
with  me,  boss."  "Is  your  mule  sick  ?"  "No,  sir, 
boss.  Da  she  is  out  da  eat'n'  grass."  "W^ell, 
what  are  you  doing  here  then  ?"  "Boss,  I'se  just 
awaiting  here  for  de  sun  to  go  down,  so's  I  kin 
quit  work."  Until  subjected  to  great  poverty  and 
bad  conditions  as  to  food,  clothing,  shelter  and 
personal  purity,  he  is  remarkably  exempt  from 
disease. 

Some  investigators  claim  that  there  has  been  a 
notable  increase  of  consumption,  insanity  and  ven- 
ereal diseases.  In  the  cities  the  condition  is  accu- 
per  cent  of  them  die  without  medical  aid.  In  the 
lately  described  by  President  E.  R.  Wright: 
"Any  one  who  will  give  the  least  observation  to 


A  Race  Problem  77 

this  matter  will  see  that  the  cities  are  the  hot-beds 
of  crime,  misery,  and  death  among  the  colored  peo- 
ple. Here  they  are  huddled  together,  often  with 
two  or  three  families  in  one  room.  Without  em- 
ployment for  more  than  half  the  time,  they  are 
consequently  insufficiently  fed  and  poorly  clothed. 
When  sick  they  are  unable  either  to  employ  a  phy- 
sician or  to  buy  medicine.  At  least  twenty-five 
per  cent,  of  them  die  without  medical  aid.  In  the 
City  of  Savannah,  during  the  year  1894,  251  col- 
ored persons  died  without  medical  attention.  This 
being  thirty-three  and  one-third  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  of  deaths  among  these  people  for  that 
year.  About  sixty  per  cent  of  this  number  of 
deaths  were  children  under  the  age  of  ten.  Twen- 
ty-four thousand  of  the  52,000  of  the  population 
of  Savannah  are  Negroes.  Hence  it  will  be  seen 
that  whatever  affects  these  people  affects  at  least 
nearly  half  the  population  of  our  chief  seaport. 
What  is  true  of  Savannah,  I  judge  to  be  approxi- 
mately true  of  all  of  the  cities  of  Georgia  and  of 
most  of  the  cities  of  the  South."  The  neglect  as 
to  medical  help  is  perhaps  overstated  as  to  general 
conditions.  In  spite  of  poverty  and  disease  the 
ISTegro  population  has  steadily  increased.  In  1800 
it  was  1,001,463;  in  1900,  8,833,994.  The  per 
cent  of  increase  was  13.5  between  1880^  and  1890, 
and  eighteen  per  cent  between  1890  and  1900. 
The  negro  population  grew  thirty-four  per  cent, 
in  twenty  years. 

'See  an  article  on  "The  Possibilities  of  the  Negro,"  In  Booklover's 
Magazine,  July  1908, 


78  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

{2)  Mental  Here  conditions  differ  widely.  That  many 
ISTegroes  have  high  mentality  there  is  no  sort 
of  doubt.  In  the  pulpit,  at  the  bar,  behind 
the  teacher's  desk,  with  the  artist's  pencil,  and  with 
the  poet's  pen,  and  in  technical  engineering  there 
are  many  instances  of  great  ability.  ^Doubt  as 
the  accuracy  of  this  increase  is  felt  by  some  bo- 
cause  of  alleged  defects  in  the  census  of  1890. 

It  is  believed  by  some  observers  that  the 
Negro  child's  mental  growth  is  normal  and 
satisfactory,  as  a  general  thing,  up  to  the 
beginning  of  adolescence,  and  that  subsequently 
it  is  not  normal.  Scientific  study  of  Negro 
psychology  is  lacking.  As  a  rule,  he  shows 
good  powers  of  memory,  poor  analysis,  strong 
emotions,  and  weak  will.  In  most  matters  his 
judgment  is  poor,  and  there  is  a  lack  of  inventive- 
ness. The  colored  man  is  a  great  lover  of  music, 
w'hich  expresses  itself  in  song  and  in  certain 
rhythmic  movements  when  at  work.  As  a  rule 
they  are  light-hearted  and  happy.  Their  wit  is 
genuine,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  matchless  stories 
told  by  Mr.  Joel  Chandler  Harris.  Their  humor 
is  irresistible,  and,  after  all,  the  more  attractive 
because  of  its  unconsciousness.  Here  is  an  anec- 
dote of  an  old  colored  woman  whom  a  showman 
wished  to  secure  for  his  show.  Said  his  agent: 
"Aunty,  do  you  remember  George  Washington?" 
"Does  I  recomember  George  Washington  ?  W'y, 
laws-a-massy,  mistuh,  I  reckon  I  does.     I  orter, 

^Seefoot  note,  p.  77. 


A  Race  Problem  79 

ortent  I  ?  Fer  I  done  nussed  him.  We  played 
together  evy  day  when  he  was  a  li'F  chile." 
"Well,  do  you  remember  anything  about  the  Revo- 
lutionary War?"  ''G'way,  chile!  Yes,  indeed 
I  does,  honey.  I  stood  dar  lots  of  times, 
an'  seen  de  bullets  flyin'  aroun'  thicker'n 
rain-drops."  "Yes,  well  how  about  the  fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire  ?  Do  you  recollect  any- 
thing about  that?"  The  old  woman  took  a  long 
breath.  In  fact,  it  mounted  to  a  sigh.  She  re- 
flected for  a  few  moments  and  said:  "De  fact 
is,  honey,  I  was  purty  young  den,  an'  I  doesn't 
have  a  very  extinct  recomembrance  'bout  dat; 
but  I  does  'member,  noAv  dat  you  speaks  of  hit, 
dat  I  did  hear  the  white  folks  tell  about  hearing 
somep'n  drap."  The  nation's  progress  in  thought 
has  been  little  affected  by  the  J^egro's  contribu- 
tion. The  progress  that  he  has  made  in  education 
is  truly  remarkable  and  full  of  hope  for  the  future. 
The  per  cent,  of  ISTegro  illiteracy  in  1880'  was  sev' 
enty,  in  1890,  fifty-seven;  in  1900,  forty-four,  a 
decrease  of  twenty-six  per  cent,  in  twenty  years. 

It  is  true  that  in  every  Southern  State  through 
public  or  private  provision  any  capable  and  ambi- 
tious colored  man  or  woman  can  get  a  fair  college 
education,  and  some  technical  training  beside. 
To  produce  these  remarkable  results  Southern  and 
ISTorthem  statesmanship  and  benevolence  have 
combined.     Tens  of  millions  have  been  given  by 


80  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

individuals  and  churches  of  the  North,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Booker  Washington^  "Since  1880 
$105,807,930,  have  been  spent  for  the  negro  schools 
in  the  former  slave  States.  In  the  school  year 
1870-80,  $2,120,485  were  spent  for  colored  schools 
and  in  1900-01,  $6,035,550,  an  increase  of  $3,- 
915,065,  or  almost  eighty-five  per  cent." 
(3)  Moral  Their  moral  condition  is  varied.  There  are 
clearly  discernable  three  classes.  At  the  bot- 
tom is  the  colored  criminal.  The  most  re- 
cent available  statistics"  show  that  in  the  United 
States  there  are  about  83,329  convicted  criminals, 
of  whom  24,277,  or  twenty-nine  per  cent,  are  col- 
ored. It  is  from  this  class  that  crimes  against 
women  most  largely  originate.  There  is  need  for 
a  more  careful  study  of  the  ISTegro  criminal  and 
his  treatment. 

As  we  rise  in  the  scale,  we  see  the  great  middle 
class  of  people,  laborers  in  town  and  country. 
The  moral  advantage  is  with  the  countryman. 
With  this  class  the  chief  moral  delinquencies  are 
pettit  larceny,  impurity,  intemperance,  and  un^ 
truthfulness.  It  is  not  meant  that  these  immoral- 
ities are  universal,  but  that  they  exist  to  a  notice- 
able degree.  Its  moral  excellencies  are  especially 
cheerfulness,  industry,  patience,  and  hopefulness. 
There  is  still  another  class  composed  largely, 
though  not  exclusively,  of  educated  people,  who 

'Strong's  Social  Progress,  1906,  p.  146. 
2 Strong's  Soeial  Progress,  1905,  p.  98. 


A  Race  Problem  81 

are  truthful,  honest,  just,  pure,  and  good.  This 
class  is  steadily  increasing.  It  is  true  that  the 
low  moral  condition  of  the  rising  generation  is 
cause  for  serious  thought. 

Ever  since  his  emancipation  and  enfranchise-  (4)  Political 
ment,  the  Negro  has  voted  almost  solidly  with 
the  Republican  party.  His  ignorance  and  ven- 
ality made  him  the  prey  of  designing  poli- 
ticians. Entrusted  with  the  ballot,  he  has  too 
often  voted  without  intelligence  or  conscience. 
In  the  States  and  counties  where  he  has  made 
the  majority  of  voters,  he  has  misused  the  ballot 
to  such  an  extent  that  ruin  stared  the  people  in 
their  faces.  In  consequence  some  of  the  States 
have  disfranchised  hundreds  of  thousands  of  Ne- 
gro voters.  The  laws  do  not  make  it  impossible 
for  any  Negro  ever  to  vote,  but  they  put  a  pre- 
mium on  inelligence  in  the  voter  and  so  offer  a  new 
incentive  to  education.  These  laws  are  of  too 
recent  adoption  to  form  a  fair  judgment  as  to 
their  effects. 

Throughout  the  whole  Soutn  with  absolute  C5' Social 
unanimity,  the  white  people  have  a  law  writ- 
ten and  unwritten,  that  in  all  social  matters 
there  must  be  no  mixing  of  the  rases.  Severe 
penalties  are  provided  for  intermarriage,  and  swift 
ostracism,  if  nothing  more  serious,  is  visited  upon 
any  person  practicing  it.  Every  Southern  man  be- 
lieves that  this  separation  is  necessary  for  the  pro^ 
tection  and  perpetuation  of  white  blood  and  civi- 


82  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

lization.     Everywhere   in   the   South   the  posses- 
sion of  education  and  property  is  separating  the 
colored  people  into  classes,  just  as  it  does  else- 
where.    Educated   colored   people  can   now   find 
satisfaction  for  their  social  desires  among  their 
own  people. 
(6)  Indus-       From  Virginia  to  Texas  for    generations    the 
colored  people  have  made  up  the  laboring  class. 
The   ]S[egro    is    at    liberty   to    enter    any   calling 
he  pleases  upon  fulfilling  the   ordinary  require- 
ments.    "Prior    to    the    Civil    War,"    says  Ex- 
Governor    Lowry    of    Mississippi,    "there    was  a 
large  number  of  Negro  mechanics  in  the  Southern 
States;  many  of  them  were  expert  blacksmiths, 
wheelwrights,  wagon-makers,  brick  masons,  carpen- 
ters, plasterers,  painters,  and  shoe-makers.     They 
became  masters  of  their  respective  trades  by  reason 
of  sufficiently  long  service  under  the  control  and 
direction  of  expert  white  mechanics."     But  dur- 
ing this  period  he  was  mainly  engaged  in  agri- 
culture and  still  is  so  employed.     Up  to  quite  re- 
cent years  he  has  not  been  identified  with  labor 
unions,  but  now  the  tendency  is  toward  the  organi- 
zation of  colored  imions.     In  every  State  in  the 
South  remarkable   progress   in   industrial  educa- 
tion has  been  made,   and  thousands  of  IN^egroes 
have  been  carefully  trained  in  them  for  skilled 
service.     Dr.   Booker  Washington  has   estimated 
that  fifty-two  per  cent,  of  l!^egro  laborers  are  en- 
gaged in  agTiculture,   and  that  "4n  forty  years 

'Strong's  Social  Progress,  1906,  p.  147. 


A  Race  Prohlem  83 

287,933  ^Negroes  have  acquired  control  of  farm 
land  in  the  South  Atlantic  States,  of  whom,  202, 
578  or  70.4  per  cent,  are  tenants,  and  85,355,  or 
29.6  per  cent,  are  owners  or  managers;  and  that 
the  total  value  of  the  Negro  farm  property  is  con- 
servatively estimated  at  $230,000,000." 

The  ISTegro  shows  naturally  strong  relig-  cv^Reiierious 
ious  tendencies.  Perhaps  his  chief  enjoyment 
is  in  the  exercise  of  his  religion.  There  is 
a  marked  tendency  among  them  to  separate  re- 
ligion from  morals.  It  is  mixed  with  supersti- 
tions. Always  and  everywhere  it  is  emotional 
rather  than  intellectual  in  type.  Here  is  a  pict- 
ure of  a  religious  service  in  a  colored  country 
church  in  1896  in  an  Alabama  swamp.  A  white 
minister  with  friends  was  camping  on  a  lake  near- 
by for  fishing  and  hunting.  He  sent  word  far 
and  wide  that  he  would  preach  for  the  colored 
people  in  their  church.  Long  before  the  hour  for 
the  service  the  roads  and  paths  leading  to  the 
church  were  here  and  there  filled  with  people,  men, 
women  and  children,  in  wagons,  in  buggies,  in 
road  carts,  on  horse-back,  mule-back  and  afoot. 
When  the  preacher  arrived,  the  grove  about  the 
church  was  a  scene  long  to  be  remembered.  The 
people  gathered  in  groups  here  and  there.  All 
were  clothed  in  their  Sunday  best.  The  women 
were  gay  in  bright  colored  calico.  Entering  the 
church  the  minister  went  into  the  small  pulpit 
with  the  colored  pastor.     The  service  began  with 


84  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

singing,  which  soon  attracted  the  people  indoors 
nntil  they  filled  all  of  the  rude  benches.  To 
right  and  left  and  in  front  of  the  pulpit 
sat  the  older  men  and  women.  As  the  wor- 
ship proceeded  the  emotions  rose  and  found 
expression  in  low  murmurs  of  satisfaction, 
or  loud,  "Amens !"  of  approval.  The  congrega- 
tion was  strongly  responsive  Mdien  the  minister 
arose  and  gave  out  his  text.  He  was  himself  a 
warm-hearted  man  and  was  keenly  susceptible  to 
his  surroundings.  The  situation  called  out  the 
best  that  was  in  his  mind  and  heart  and  conscience. 
As  he  got  well  into  his  subject,  the  older  men  and 
women  began  to  indicate  their  approval  by  swaying 
their  bodies  and  nodding  their  heads.  As  the 
preacher  warmed  to  his  work  the  congregation 
responded  eagerly.  Soon  a  low  m.oan  could  be 
heard, — a  sort  of  obligato  of  satisfaction — broken 
now  and  then  by  the  rhythmic  patting  of  the  feet 
and  clapping  of  the  hands.  To  the  right  one  said 
"Amen!"  which  was  answered  here  and  there  by 
exclamations  like  "Say  dat  agin"  "Dats  de  truth !" 
"Hear  dat  white  man!"  "Amen!"  "Amen!"  And 
the  low  m-m-m-m-o-a-n  went  on.  The  preach- 
er's head  and  heart  were  now  afire.  Suddenly 
to  his  left  a  loud  cry  was  heard  above  all  the  rest. 
It  came  from  a  large  woman,  who  rent  the  air 
with  shout  after  shout,  throwing  her  arms  about 
her.  She  Avas  promptly  seized  by  three  sisters 
who  held  her  until  she  fell  exhausted  and  moan- 


A  Race  Problem  85 

ing.  On  went  the  preacher,  while  the  men  kept 
up  their  fervent  amens.  Soon  two  other  women 
in  different  parts  of  the  honse  broke  loose  in  wild 
shouts  and  were  quieted  only  by  exhaustion.  The 
colored  pastor  in  the  pulpit  behind  the  preacher 
was  in  a  high  degree  of  joyful  excitement,  clapp- 
ing his  hands,  patting  his  feet,  and  shouting 
"Amen !  A-A-men"  The  climax  of  the  sermon 
was  now  reached.  The  people  were  simply  in 
ecstacies.  The  pastor  could  no  longer  contain 
himself  and  shouted  above  the  preacher's  excited 
tones,  above  the  groans  of  the  men  and  the  shouts 
of  the  women,  "Amen !  Amen ! !  Go  it,  doctor !  Go 
it."  The  doctor  did  his  best  and  soon  ceased  from 
exliaustion.  He  will  never  forget  the  eager  hand- 
shakes and  cordial  thanks  from  the  people.  Five 
months  afterward  he  met  one  of  the  leading  men 
of  that  church  in  the  town  making  Christmas  pur- 
chases. "How  are  you.  Uncle  Reuben,"  said  he. 
"I'm  well.  Doctor.  When  is  you  comin'  back  to 
see  us  ?  That  'ere  sermont  you  preached  is  a-gwine 
up  and  down  the  swamp  yet!" 

In  most  of  the  cities  throughout  the  South  at 
present,  one  can  easily  find  colored  church  build- 
ings well  constructed,  comfortably,  sometimes  hand- 
somely furnished,  well  warmed,  ventilated,  and 
lighted.  Their  congregations  are  well  dressed  and 
intelligent.  Their  ministers  are  men  of  classical 
education,  who  preach  with  dignity  and  quietness. 
Their  services  are  quiet  and  reverent.     Their  busi- 


86  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

ness  affairs  are  well  managed  and  their  work  is 
well  organized.  The  great  Negro  denominations 
conduct  their  affairs  with  intelligence  and  power. 
Their  benevolences  are  fairly  well  supported.  Their 
organic  work  is  carried  on  through  well  established 
and  effective  boards  and  societies. 
11.  Some  As  a  result  of  the  religious  teaching  of  the  Ne- 
groes before  the  Civil  War,  "In  1859  there  were 
468,000  Negro  church  members  reported  in  the 
South,  of  whom  215,000  were  Methodists,  and 
175,000  were  Baptists.'" 

Amongst  the  Negroes  there  are  to-day,^ 

Denominations 27 

Organizations 24,572 

Church  edifices 21,146 

Seating  capacity 6,810,965 

Valuation $28,863,168 

Members 3,589,780 

Members  and  adherents 6,325,880 

Statistics  show  most  clearly  that  the  overwhelming 
majority  of  the  colored  people  belong  to  denomina- 
tions entirely  independent  of  white  control. 
12  The  Two  words  sum  up  our  duty  to  our  brother  in 
Need  hlack.  Christian  training.  Reformation  is  good  as 
far  as  it  goes,  but  the  Church  of  God  cannot  hope 
for  the  best  results  until  the  mass  is  lifted  up 
through  the  regeneration  of  the  individuals  com- 
posing it.  A  race  is  ordinarily  regenerated  by  its 
own  agents.  The  chief  agent  in  this  work  is  un- 
doubtedly the  colored  pastor.    At  emancipation  the 

i"The  Negro  Church,"  Atlanta  University  Press, p.  2fl, 
2  Strong's  "Social  Progress,"  1905,  p.  149. 


A  Race  Problem  87 

^Negro's  church  was  the  center  of  his  whole  life. 
Here  he  worshipped  God;  here  his  children  went 
to  school.    It  was  the  meeting  place  of  his  political 
club,   and  his  social  recreation  was  found  here. 
The  very  center  of  his  church  life  was  the  preacher. 
His  influence  is  not  so  gi'eat  as  it  was  once,  because 
of  the  growth  of  general  intelligence.     This  man 
has  generally  natural  powers  of  leadership  which 
have  been  cultivated  by  long  practice.     His  rule 
has  been  autocratic  indeed.     Possessed  of  a  rude 
eloquence  he  has  swayed  the  people  through  pas- 
sionate appeals  to  their  prejudices  and  emotions. 
He  must  be  trained.     Out  of  ninety  answers  re- 
ceived by  an  investigator  from  colored  men  to  the 
question,    "What    is    the    greatest  need    of    our 
churches  ?"  fifty-four  replied,  "An  educated,  con- 
secrated ministry."     Progress  has  been  made,  but 
there  is  need  for  more  work.     There  are  now  some 
thirteen  theological    schools  for    ISTegroes  in  our 
country  with  368  students,  of  whom  sixty  are  col- 
lege graduates.     Some  plan  capable  of  wide  appli- 
cation is  needed  for  reaching  the  colored  pastors 
in  the  villages  and  rural  districts.     The  John  0. 
Martin  Education  Fund  has  been  founded  for  this 
purpose  and  is  doing  incalculable  good. 

Close  by  the  preacher  stands  the  colored  teacher, 
sharing  his  opportunity  and  his  influence.  His  ac- 
cess to  the  children  gives  him  an  unequalled  oppor- 
tunity to  shape  life  at  its  beginning.  His  concep- 
tion of  his  calling  must  be  much  higher.     Too 


88  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

often  he  teaches  because  it  gives  him  influence  and 
money.  He  must  be  shown  the  real  nature  of 
his  calling-  and  be  induced  to  make  every  effort 
to  form  character  Avhile  he  imparts  knowledge. 

We  must  go  beyond  teacher  and  preacher. 
Upon  the  people  themselves  direct  and  pow- 
erful influences  must  be  brought  to  bear. 
There  are  many  colored  parents  who  seek 
earnestly  to  do  their  duty  to  their  children; 
but  nevertheless  there  are  multitudes  of  col- 
ored homes  without  any  conception  of  order, 
cleanliness  or  obedience.  The  children  are  turned 
into  the  street  to  grow  up  without  the  fear  of  God. 
There  is  urgent  need  for  pure  and  wholesome 
home  instruction  and  training.  Fathers  need  to 
be  taught  their  responsibility  for  the  purity  of 
the  home  circle.  Mothers  must  learn  the  simplest 
lessons  of  order  and  cleanliness.  Children  require 
sound  instruction  as  to  their  relations  to  parents 
and  other  members  of  the  household. 

The  mass  of  colored  people  need  to  be  given  the 
education  of  the  head,  including,  besides  the  simp- 
lest elements  of  learning,  grammar,  history,  hygiene 
and  civil  government.  They  need  to  be  taught  as 
far  as  human  skill  can  teach  them  to  hate  evil  and 
love  good,  to  restrain  evil  passion  and  to  give  pure 
love  an  open  way  for  growth.  Their  consciences 
must  be  awakened  to  the  demands  of  righteousness 
and  be  taught  to  condemn  all  unholiness.  Their 
wills  must  be  taught  to  act  according  to  the  de- 


A  Race  Problem  89 

mands  of  an  enlightened  conscience.  Their  hands 
must  be  trained  to  useful  labor  and  made  skillful 
servants  to  an  enlightened  understanding,  an 
awakened  conscience,  and  a  renewed  will.  Attain- 
ment without  character  is  no  fit  ideal  for  this  life 
even.  The  subjection  of  their  lives  to  the  Bible  is 
at  once  their  supreme  need  and  our  highest  aim  for 
them. 

IsTo  new  methods  of  work  are  here  suggested.  14.  Methods 
The  free  public  school,  normal  and  trade  schools, 
the  Church  of  God  with  its  preaching  and  teach- 
ings— these  are  the  mighty  agencies  which  under 
the  blessing  of  God  are  equal  to  redemption  of  the 
American  l^egro  from  ignorance  and  sin.  With 
these  actively  at  work  the  future  is  hopeful.  With- 
out them  or  any  one  of  them  confusion  will  come 
upon  us  and  our  children. 

The  people  who  make  the  opinion  and  control  15.  ACom- 
the  life  of  our  country  must  in  some  way  occupy  monview- 
the  same  view-point.  That  view-point  must  be  the 
cross  of  Jesus  Christ.  Looking  upon  the  vast  en- 
terprise with  Christ's  eyes,  with  Christ's  love,  and 
with  Christ's  patience,  we  shall  go  forth  with  con- 
fident hope  for  the  redepmtion  of  the  American 
colored  man. 

Questions  and  Hints. 

1.  What  is  the  home  of  the  N'egro  race?  Its 
population  ?  Whence  did  most  of  the  colored  peo- 
ple now  in  America  come  ? 


90  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land  1 

2.  Describe  their  condition  before  they  were 
brought  out  of  Afraca.  What  can  yon  say  of  their 
religion  ?  Why  do  yon  sni)pose  Africa  has  always 
furnished  so  many  slaves  ? 

3.  How  did  the  colored  people  come  to  America  ? 

4.  Who  first  brought  them  ?  When  did  they  ar- 
rive in  Virginia  ?  Who  brought  them  there  ?  What 
share  had  ISTew  England  in  ISTegro  slavery  ?  Why 
did  the  South  get  most  of  them  ? 

5.  Discuss  carefully  their  condition  during  slav- 
ery. 

6.  What  were  the  total  results  of  slavery  ?  How 
was  the  l^egro  civilized  ? 

Y.  Discuss  the  ISTegro's  fitness  for  citizenship  at 
emancipation. 

8.  How  did  the  Civil  War  affect  the  social  life 
of  the  South  ?  How  did  Congress  try  to  recon- 
struct it?  What  antagonisms  sprang  up  between 
his  old  master  and  the  freed  N^egro? 

0.  What  seven  matters  arc  said  to  be  settVd  now? 
Discuss  these  matters  in  detail. 

10.  (1)  Describe  the  N'egro's  physical  condi- 
tion. What  two  causes  work  against  his  health? 
Describe  the  effect  of  city  life  on  his  mortality? 
Why  is  he  healthier  in  the  country  ?  What  is  the 
]3resent  ISTegro  population  in  the  United  States? 
How  rapidly  has  it  grown? 

(2)  ]SJ"ame  some  of  his  chief  mental  traits? 
Give  a  good  typical  illustration  of  your  own  of 
ISTegro  humor  or  wit,     Describe  his  progress  in 


A  Race  Problem  91 

intelligence.      "What   is  his   present  per  cent,   of 
illiteracy  ? 

(3)  What  three  classes  as  to  morals  are  there? 
Describe  each  class. 

(4)  Describe  his  political  state.  Why  have  so 
many  been  disfranchised  ? 

(5)  Describe  his  social  condition.  Why  do 
Southern  people  practice  social  separation? 

( 6 )  Who  make  the  laborers  of  the  South  ?  What 
is  his  chief  occupation?  Has  he  progressed  in- 
dustrially ? 

(7)  Wliat  are  some  of  the  chief  characteristics 
of  the  IsTegro's  religion?  Describe  the  service 
held  in  the  swamp.  What  other  type  may  be 
seen  ?  Hot\'  is  the  church  work  of  the  colored  de- 
nominations conducted  ? 

11.  Give  some  account  of  the  I^egro's  religious 
life  as  shown  by  statistics.  Explain  why  most 
ISTegTO  churches  are  independent  of  white  con- 
trol. 

12.  What  is  our  duty  to  them?  What  is  the 
key  to  betterment  ?  Give  an  estimate  of  the  preach- 
er's power  ?  What  influences  are  at  work  for  hia 
improvement?  Why  is  the  teacher's  work  so  im- 
portant ?  What  is  his  relation  to  the  character  of 
the  people  ?  Why  must  work  be  done  among  the 
people  directly? 

13.  WTiat  can  schools  do?  What  can  the  church 
do?  Tell  something  of  the  work  of  your  church 
for  the  ISTegroes. 


92  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

14.  What  is  the  common  view-point  ?  Is  puhlic 
opinion  uniting  at  it? 

What  can  you  do  for  the  Negro's  betterment? 
Are  you  doing  it  ?  Can  you  help  to  unify  public 
opinion  ?  Did  you  ever  teach  in  a  colored  Sunday- 
School  ?  Did  you  ever  speak  to  a  Negro  about  his 
personal  salvation  ? 

Books  of  Refeeence. 

Up  From  Slavery.     Booker  T.  Washington. 

The  Future  of  the  American  Negro.  Thomas 
Nelson  Page. 

The  Problems  of  the  Present  South.  Murphy. 

Reports  of  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education. 

Pamphlets  on  Various  Phases  of  the  Subject — 
Published  by  the  Atlanta  University,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Souls  of  the  Black  Folk.  Du  Bois. 

The  Evangelization  of  the  Colored  Race  in  the 
United  States;  A  Concensus  View.  Presbyterian 
Committee  of  Publication. 

The  Publications  of  Various  Denominations. 


Eedeeminq  a  City  :     City  Missions. 

There  was  a  time  in  the  history  of  the  world  i.  no  Cities 
when  there  were  no  cities.  Man  first  lived  alone  in  *^^^ 
the  country.  Then  several  families  lived  close  to- 
gether because  they  were  akin.  After  awhile  other 
individuals,  for  personal  defense  or  various  social 
reasons,  settled  near  them,  and  soon  a  village  grew 
up.  From  natural  increase  and  from  the  increase 
due  to  accessions  from  outside  the  village  g^e^9■  lo 
be  a  town.  From  the  same  causes  the  town  grew 
to  be  a  small  city,  and  the  small  city  grew  to  be  a 
large  city.  As  civilization  advanced,  commerce 
and  manufacture  and  the  needs  of  government 
drew  men  together  at  certain  strategic  centers  over 
the  face  of  the  earth.  "A  hundred  years  ago  three 
per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  United  States 
was  urban ;  now  about  thirty-three  per  cent.  Then 
we  had  only  six  cities  of  8,000  inhabitants;  in 
1900,  we  had  515."  (Strong's  "Social  Progress," 
1905.) 

One  of  the  most  striking  facts  about  the  move-  2.  increase 
ment  of  the  world's  population  in  the  last  century  ^°    u™t>er 
was  the  increase  in  the  number  of  cities.     In  1890 
there  were  in  the  United  States  twenty-seven  cities 
of  100,000  inhabitants  and  over.     In  1900  this 
number  had  increased  to  thirty-eight.    In  the  same 

93 


94  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

period  the  cities  of  25,000  and  over  increased  from 
124  to  161. 

3.  Increase       While  the  numher  has  been  increasing  rapidly 

in  Size    ,  ^     •        ■       i         ■,  i     ii 

the  growth  m  size  has  been  even  more  remarkable. 
"This  is  not  peculiar  to  our  new  civilizations. 
London  is  probably  2,000  years  old,  and  yet  four- 
fifths  of  its  growth  has  been  added  during  the  cen- 
tury just  past.  For  sixty  years  Berlin  has  grown 
far  more  rapidly  tlian  New  York.  Paris  is  more 
than  four  times  as  large  as  it  was  in  1800.  Eome 
has  doubled  since  1870.  St.  Petersburg  has  in- 
creased nearly  threefold  in  seventy-five  years. 
Odessa  is  a  thousand  years  old,  but  nineteen-twen- 
tieths  of  its  population  has  been  added  since  1800. 
Calcutta  has  increased  460  per  cent,  in  seventy 
years.  In  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  we  find  this 
movement  of  population  from  country  to  city.  It 
is  a  world-phenomenon  and  is  due  to  a  redistribu- 
tion of  population."  (Strong's  "Social  Progress," 
1905.) 

4.  Bvisiness      Since  the  dawn  of  civilization  money  has  played 

'  a  most  important  part  in  the  affairs  of  individuals 
and  of  states.  It  must  remain  so  to  the  end.  It 
measures  values  and  is  a  universal  medium  of  ex- 
change. Its  possession  marks  the  presence  of  prop- 
erty and  ordinarily  proclaims  the  superior  shrewd- 
ness of  its  owner.  One  of  the  dangers  of  our  times 
is  that  we  are  disposed  to  measure  a  man's  worth 
by  the  size  of  his  bank  account.  For  weal  or  for 
woe  the  world's  money  is  being  concentrated  in  the 


Redeeming  a  City  95 

large  cities.  Perhaps  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
the  world's  accounts  are  finally  paid  in  Lombard 
street,  London,  or  Wall  street,  iSTew  York.  The 
following  table  shows  something  of  the  enormous 
wealth  represented  in  ten  cities,  September,  1902.^ 


Total 

Real 

Personal 

Income 

Estate 

Property 

New  York 

1249,184,086 

13,237,778,261 

$550,192,612 

Chicago 

43.316,277 

259,254,598 

115,325,842 

Boston 

49,074,577 

925.037,500 

227.468,334 

Philadelphia 

48,387,084 

919,706,697 

1,649,799 

St.  Louis 

17,043,757 

842,325,544 

52,470,160 

Cleveland 

13,809,910 

143,323,490 

53,130,155 

San  Francisco 

10,898,872 

289,682,092 

123,417,901 

Baltimore 

10,227,940 

258,304,425 

176,039,397 

New  Orleans 

9,544,183 

108,079,794 

37,694,075 

Louisville 

4,605,324 

90,200,000 

33,900,000 

Grand  Total      $455,591,110  $6,573,692,401  $1,370,188,275 

"Of  the  aggregate  of  loans  made  by  the  national 
banks  on  September  15,  1902,  amounting  to 
$i3,280,127,480,  the  amounts  outstanding  in  the 
banks  of  iTew  York,  Chicago,  and  St.  Louis,  the 
three  central  reserve  cities,  was  $877,934,  9-12,"  ^or 
about  27  per  cent.  The  possession  of  these  vast 
sums  of  money  gives  the  cities  the  undisputed  con- 
trol of  the  business  of  the  land. 

Chiefly    because    the  cities  are    the    gathering  5,  concen- 
places  where  business  is  centered,  thither  go  men  Exec^ive 
who  have  executive  skill.     The  young  man  on  the  Power 
farm,  who  has  the  intelligence  to  plan  his  work 
thoroughly  and  the  will-power  to  put  his  plans  to 
working,  soon  tires  of  the  daily  routine  and  hard 

'Strong's  "Social  Progress,"  1905. 


96  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

manual  labor  of  the  farm.  Going  to  his  nearest 
town  he  becomes  superintendent  or  manager  of 
some  company.  As  he  gains  skill  from  experience 
he  discovers  that  his  powers  will  bring  him  more 
influence  and  money  in  the  city.  Thus  it 
is  seen  that  it  is  an  inevitable  tendency  for 
the  city  to  absorb  the  executive  power  of  the 
country.  All  the  great  corporations  whose  busi- 
ness supplies  the  needs  of  a  nation  or  reaches  to  the 
ends  of  the  earth,  calling  for  brains  and  adminis- 
trative skill  of  the  highest  order,  are  located  in  or 
near  the  great  cities. 
6.  Manufac-  Money  and  executive  skill  do  not  lie  idle.  When 
Centers  i^o^ey  is  invested  under  the  direction  of  brains  and 
skill  and  controlled  by  character  the  sure  result  is 
transformation  of  raw  material  into  finished  pro- 
ducts. Because  a  market  is  close  at  hand  and  trans- 
portation is  easy  these  manufactories  are  built  in 
or  very  near  the  great  cities.  In  1900  thirty-six 
per  cent,  of  the  manufacturing  establishments  in 
the  United  States  was  located  in  one  hundred 
cities.  They  had  fifty-one  per  cent,  of  all  capital 
invested  and  fifty-two  per  cent,  of  the  value  of 
products.  What  a  serious  interference  with  trade 
would  occur  if  the  factories  of  Boston,  "New  York, 
Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  Chicago,  and  St.  Louis 
were  to  shut  down  for  a  few  months  ?  Millions  of 
people  would  be  thrown  out  of  employment  and 
the  trade  of  the  country  would  be  paralyzed. 


Redeeming  a  City  97 

Where  products  are  to  be  moved  transportation  7.  Distrib- 
lines  will  be  found.  Cotton  pours  into  'New  Or-  centers 
leans  and  from  there  by  rail  and  ship  is  trans- 
ported to  the  great  manufacturing  centers.  It  is 
woven  into  cloth  and  distributed  again  throughout 
the  country.  At  certain  seasons  oranges  are  col- 
lected in  Jacksonville  or  Los  Angeles,  vegetables 
at  ISTorfolk,  fruit  at  Baltimore,  grain  at  Chicago, 
only  to  be  distributed  to  consumers  every  where. 
And  so  the  cities  become  the  purveyors  of  the  na- 
tion. 

It  is  to  our  cities  that  we  turn  to  see  the  amplest  8.  Educa- 
provision  for  the  education  of  all  the  children,  and  centers 
the  best  results  of  public  school  work.  Here  great 
crowds  of  children  throng  the  fine  buildings  to  be 
taught  by  trained  teachers,  working  with  the  best 
equipment  the  times  afford.  Here  millions  of  dol- 
lars are  annually  spent  in  the  war  on  ignorance. 
The  following  sums  were  spent  in  our  five  largest 
cities  for  schools  at  last  returns : 

New  York $32,318,705 

Chicago 9,735,930 

Philadelphia 4,887,302 

St.  Louis 2,858,566 

Boston 5,738,235 

In  recent  years  the  tendency  to  build  colleges  and 
universities  in  large  cities  has  been  marked.  Here 
magnificent  buildings  invite  thousands  of  eager 
youths  to  enter  fields  of  higher  learning  under 
conditions  favorable  to  research.  In  and  near  the 
great  cities  are  to  be  found  the  best  equipped  tech- 


Life 


98  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

nical  schools  of  all  kinds.  Here  scientific  theory 
may  be  illustrated  to  students  by  observation  in 
laboratory  and  shop.  Cities  are  becoming  more 
and  more  powerful  centers  of  learning,  affecting 
the  thought  and  life  of  the  whole  people. 
9.  Social  In  the  cities  one  finds  every  phase  of  social  life 
intensified  and  enlarged.  In  the  crowded  streets 
and  houses  of  the  "Eastside"  and  in  the  quiet  free- 
dom and  elegance  of  ''West  End,"  or  "Up  Town," 
may  be  studied  the  life  of  people  who  work  with 
their  hands,  or  who  spend  their  days  in  retirement 
and  ease.  People  of  the  same  nationality  settle 
in  the  same  section,  and  we  have  the  "Italian  Quar- 
ter" of  New  York,  or  the  "French  Quarter,"  of 
'New  Orleans,  or  the  "Chinese  Quarter,"  of  San 
Francisco.  The  "Foreign  Quarters"  of  the  cities 
of  the  East  and  ISTorth  and  West  are  matched  by 
the  "J^egro  Quarter"  of  the  Southern  city.  The 
foreign  born  population  of  our  five  largest  cities 
was  as  follows  by  the  census  of  1900 : 

New  York \   .   .   .  1,270,080 

Chicago 587,112 

PhiladelpMa 295,340 

Boston 197,129 

St.  Louis 111,356 

The  ISTegro  population  of  our  five  largest  South- 
ern cities  is  as  follows : 

Baltimore 79,258 

Memphis 49,910 

New  Orleans 77,714 

Atlanta 35,727 

Louisville 39,139 


Slums 


Redeeming  a  City  99 

In  a  modern  city  one  may  study  the  idle  rich  or 
the  toiling  masses  of  workers ;  here  dwell  side  by 
side  the  employer  and  employee.  Here  indeed 
"the  rich  and  poor  meet  together,"  and  side  by 
side  work  out  their  destiny  for  good  or  evil.  Here 
we  are  brought  face  to  face  with  the  problems  of 
civil  government  in  their  acutest  and  most  per^ 
plexing  forms.  Here  santitation,  taxation,  the  suf- 
frage, public  utilities  and  education  require  the 
closest  thought  and  the  largest  action. 

Here  is  the  modern  "slum"  Avith  its  ignorance,  lo.  The 
poverty,  sin,  lawlessness,  degTadation  and  wretch- 
edness. Its  population  is  composed  partly  of 
native  Americans,  who  for  one  reason  or  another 
find  it  difficult  to  live.  Into  its  life  come  thous- 
ands of  foreigners,  drawn  together  by  common 
language  and  customs  and  held  in  the  merciless 
grip  of  poverty.  The  condition  of  the  people  is 
most  pitiful.  They  are  crowded  together  in 
houses  and  rooms,  too  small,  badly  ventilated, 
exposed  to  violent  extremes  of  weather,  making 
rather  a  place  to  sleep  and  eat  in  than  a  home. 
Here  food  is  scarce  and  often  of  a  very  poor 
quality.  The  clothing  worn  scarcely  covers  naked- 
ness in  summer  and  in  winter  is  poor  protection 
against  the  cold.  The  social  life  is  peculiar  to 
itself.  Families  are  frequently  large  and  so  crow- 
ded that  privacy  is  often  unknown  and  personal 
purity  is  constantly  endangered.  This  poverty 
eclipses  hope,  while  intemperance  and  prodigality 


100  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

tend  to  make  poverty  perpetual.  In  numberless 
cases  neglect,  depression  and  wickedness  have 
strangled  whatever  religion  existed,  and  have 
driven  the  people  into  opposition  to  the  Church. 
The  social  group  of  men  meets  in  the  comer 
saloon  where  the  work  of  the  day  and  politics  are 
discussed,  emphasized  by  profanity  and  illustrated 
by  obscenity.  The  recreation  of  the  grown  people 
is  provided  by  the  low  theater,  where  men,  and 
women  witness  lude  dancing  and  laugh  at  the 
roughest  of  jokes.  The  children  play  in  the  streets 
without  responsible  supervision,  absorbing  its  vul- 
garity, its  obscenity  and  its  profanity. 

11.  The  Re-      The  religious  life  of  a  great  modern  city  is  so 
ligionofthe  y^ried  that  no  general  word  will  characterize  it. 

Each  city  must  be  studied  by  itself  and  in  detail 
in  order  to  grasp  the  facts  securely.  There  are 
some  qualities  which  they  possess  in  common. 

12.  Division       There  is  a  marked   division  in  classes.     The 
of  Classes  "down-town"  church  is  composed  of  the  working 

people,  while  the  wealthy  and  educated  live  and 
worship  to  themselves  in  the  "up  town"  or  "west 
end"  district.  Sometimes  this  division  is  along 
racial  or  national  lines.  When  the  Gospel  is  unhin- 
dered by  prejudices  it  tends  powerfully  to  make 
men  alike  in  their  opinions  and  tastes  and  charac- 
ter. When  the  church  is  composed  exclusively  or 
chiefly  of  one  class  or  race,  there  is  a  powerful 
tendency  to  produce  and  perpetuate  certain  types, 
not  always  the  highest.     The  ideal  church  is  com- 


\ 


Redeeming  a  City  101 

posed  of  all  sorts  of  people,  made  one  by  love  and 
obedience  to  Jesus  Christ. 

In  the  city  more  than  elsewhere  religion  con-  is.  Formal- 
forms  to  certain  recognized  rules,  and  expresses 
itself  in  fixed  forms  of  Avorship.  These  forms, 
while  agreeable  to  those  who  are  accustomed  to 
them,  tend  to  make  the  uninitiated  uncomfortable, 
and  often  make  it  difficult  for  the  Church  to  lay 
hold  firmly  upon  the  poor  and  ignorant. 

The  religion  of  city  people  is  in  spite  of  for-  14.  Genu- 
mality  often  most  genuine.  It  is  constantly  sub-  ^^^ 
jected  to  the  severest  tests,  which  purify  it.  It  is 
ever  exposed  to  the  sharpest  criticism,  and  is  thus 
purged  from  what  is  unessential  or  sinful.  It  is 
exercised  upon  objects  the  most  varied,  and  so  be- 
comes resourceful.  IvTew  demands  are  made  upon 
it  by  the  changing  conditions  of  the  modern  city 
and  so  it  becomes  enterprising.  ISTo  more  genuine 
Christians  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  world  than 
can  be  met  any  day  in  the  heart  of  any  great  mod- 
ern city. 

Because  of  the  religious  problems  presented  by  preachers 
the  city  and  because  of  the  unlimited  field  for  the 
most  frnitful  investment  of  all  the  powers  of  brain 
and  heart  and  conscience,  the  greatest  preachers 
of  the  world  are  found  in  the  large  cities.  Here 
the  great  masters  of  pulpit  eloquence  as  well  as  of 
executive  skill  sway  vast  multitudes  and  organize 
them  for  effective  service. 


102  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

16.  Head-       Throughout  America  there  is  no  hoard  of  any 
Quarters  for  Jarffe  denomination  that  is  located  outside   of  a 

Church         °         .  . 

Boards  large  city.  Boston,  IN'ew  York  and  Chicago  are 
headquarters  for  the  Congregationalists  and  Bap- 
tists ;  Boston  and  ISTew  York  for  the  Episcopali- 
ans; N'ew  York,  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  for 
the  Presbyterians;  Baltimore  for  the  Romanists; 
'New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Chicago  for  the 
Methodists.  Thus  city  brains  and  experience  and 
love  of  progress  control  the  workings  of  the  great 
churches. 
17.  org-an-  With  the  conditions  before  named  it  is  easy  to 
^®  °^  understand  that  in  the  cities  religious  life  is  most 
perfectly  organized.  Here  Jesus  through  his  dis- 
ciples has  entered  prisons  and  cleansed  them  and 
made  them  schools  for  teaching  useful  industry. 
Here  huge  hospitals  have  risen  under  Christian 
impulse  and  benevolence  for  the  care  of  the  un- 
fortunate and  the  cure  of  the  sick.  Here  Chris- 
tian science  is  erecting  better  houses  for  working- 
men  and  is  opening  public  playgrounds  for  his 
children.  Here  through  organized  charity  mil- 
lions of  the  poor  are  fed  and  clothed,  nursed  in 
sickness  and  comforted  in  distress.  Here  through 
united  effort  the  powers  of  darkness  and  sin  are  re- 
strained in  thousands  of  ways.  Here  from  house 
to  house  in  fraternal  competition  workers  go  in 
search  of  neglected  children  to  bring  them  to  the 
Sunday-school,  an  trained  workers  are  ever  seek- 
ing lost  men  and  women  to  save  them^ 


Redeeming  a  City  103 

Here  side  by  side  with  organized  virtue  and  is.  The 
goodness  stand  the  banded  hosts  of  evil.  The  city  and  Shame 
seems  to  be  satan's  supreme  opportunity,  and  he  is 
using  it  well.  The  city  is  the  chief  field  of  en- 
deavor for  thieves  and  thugs.  The  saloon  with  its 
train  of  myriad  evils  is  most  unhindered  and 
brings  forth  its  deadliest  fruit.  Here  lewd  songs 
and  dances  tempt  men  and  women  to  impurity, 
and  licentiousness  Avalks  under  the  guise  of  decency. 
Here  the  gambler  revels  in  risk  and  finally  plunges 
to  his  ruin.  Here  hypocrisy,  lying  and  dishonesty 
seek  to  hide  themselves  in  the  noise  and  crowd. 
Sabbath  breaking  is  open  and  impudent.  Here 
men  are  caught  and  held  by  the  whirl  of  business 
and  the  seductions  of  pleasure  until  they  forget 
God  and  duty.  Here  ignorant  foreigiiers  dwell  in 
vast  multitudes  without  God  and  without  hope  in 
the  world.  Recently  there  seems  to  have  been  a 
veritable  tidal  wave  of  all  kinds  of  public  dis- 
honesty in  our  large  cities.  Men  are  false  to  high 
trusts  and  make  use  of  public  office  to  enrich  them- 
selves, while  they  pass  for  respectable  citizens. 
Truly  in  the  city  sin  abounds  in  every  degree  and 
opposes  the  progress  of  the  truth  and  the  rule  of 
simple  goodness. 

In  America  the  city  is  growing  in  numbers  and  19.  The 

size  and  now   controls   the   business   of  the   con-  ^eai  Prob- 
lem 
tinent.     It  is  the  center  in  which  the  executive 

forces  of  the  day  are  collected.     In  it  are  the  men 

who  direct  the  affairs  of  the  Church.     Here  all  the 


tiflc  Investi- 
eration 


104  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

social  problems  of  our  times  are  acute.  Here  the 
powers  of  sin  are  entrenched.  Here  the  battle 
rages  most  fiercely  between  organized  religion  and 
organized  sin.  What  the  result  shall  be  depends 
upon  the  means  used  and  the  agents  employed  to 
do  battle  for  God  and  right. 
20.  scien-  The  demand  for  accurate  information  is  not  sat- 
isfied until  each  city  has  been  thoroughly  and  sci- 
entifically investigated.  The  method  for  doing 
this  work  varies.  Sometimes  a  few  interested  and 
trained  investigators  undertake  it  patiently.  An- 
other method  is  for  a  committee  representing  the 
leading  denominations  to  be  appointed.  The  city 
is  carefully  districted  and  enough  intelligent  work- 
ers are  secured  to  carry  the  plans  through  and  to 
gather  results.  Here  are  some  of  the  questions  tliat 
should  be  asked.  Total  population?  Population 
by  districts  (or  wards)  ?  by  races  ?  by  denomina- 
tions ?  by  occupations  ?  School  population  ? 
School  enrollment  ?  School  attendance  ?  Per  cent 
of  illiteracy  ?  Cause  of  illiteracy  ?  Number  of 
churches  ?  of  missions  ?  of  denominations  ?  Loca- 
tion of  churches  and  missions  on  map  ?  Seating 
capacity  of  churches  ?  Church  attendance  ?  At- 
tendance of  men  ?  Sunday-school  enrollment  ? 
Sunday-school  attendance?  Comparison  of  day 
school  and  Sunday-school  in  enrollment  and  in 
attendance  ?  Number  of  paupers  ?  Arrangement 
for  their  care  ?  Number  of  saloons  ?  Their  loca- 
tion on  map  ?    Number  of  houses  of  prostitution  ? 


Redeeming  a  City  105 

Their  location  on  map  ?  Efforts  to  reach  this  class  ? 
Religious  work  for  prisoners  ?  Estimate  and  locate 
the  gi-eatest  religious  destitutions  of  the  city?  Is 
an  adequate  effort  being  made  to  reach  them  ?  Is 
the  land  of  effort  proper?  What  is  the  duty  of 
your  denomination  in  this  case?  of  your  church? 
What   is   your    duty?^ 

To  say  that  preaching  the  Gospel  is  the  sovereign  21.  The 
remedy  for  these  evils  is  to  speak  tlie  truth  but  in  ®°^®  ^ 
the  most  general  terms.  To  name  the  Church  of 
Christ  as  the  agent  for  this  high  duty  is  to  deal 
in  generalities.  The  Gospel  is  to  be  preached  by 
the  Church.  Is  there  nothing  more  to  be  said  ? 
The  Gospel  is  a  system  of  truth  and  the  Church 
is  an  organism  specially  designed  by  God  to  relate 
this  truth  to  the  life  that  now  is  as  well  .as  that 
which  is  to  come. 

First  amongst  the  constructive  religious  forces  22.  Preach- 
in  the  city  is  the  regular,  faithful  preaching  of  ^^^^j^ 
the  truth  by  trained  preachers  filled  with  the  Holy 
Spirit.  The  open  church  with  its  strong  sennon, 
ennobling  praise,  its  up-lifting  prayer,  its  cor- 
dial welcome  for  rich  and  poor  alike  is  still  blessed 
by  God  as  the  mightiest  agency  for  saving  men. 
Personal  work,  organized  bands  and  boards  and 
various  societies  are  efficient  helpers,  but  nothing 
should  be  allowed  to  diminish  our  respect  for  and 
confidence  in  scriptural  preaching. 

'This  method  was  aoplied  to  NsshviUp.Tenn..  and  suburbs,  with 
a  population  of  102.000  under  the  direction  if  Mr.  J  E.  McCullocl^t 
See  his  book  "The  Open  Church  for  the  Unchurched.' 


106         The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

23.  In  Tents      Experience  is  teaching  ns  that  there  are  multi- 
tudes that  will  not  come  into  a  church.     It  be- 
comes necessary  to  go  out  after  them.     In  some 
of  the   cities,   notably   in  Philadelphia,   effective 
campaigns  have  been  planned  by  holding  preaching 
services  in  tents  in  vacant  lots  in  the  most  crowded 
districts.     This  movement  has  extended  to  other 
cities,  as  'Ne'w  York,  Baltimore.     It  has  won  its 
right  to  be  a  permanent  method  of  making  the  Gos- 
pel kno^vn. 
24.  Special       Within  the  last  two  or  three  years  special  evan- 
gelistic services  have  been  held  in  many  cities  with 
blessed  results.     For  months  before  the  advent  of 
the  evangelists  the  religious  forces  of  the  city  art. 
trained  for  work.     The  city  is  carefully  districted, 
and  a  central  church  is  selected  for  special  services 
in  each  district.      Strong  preachers  tell  the  story 
of  salvation,  re-enforced  by  effective  singing  and 
persistent  personal  work.     To  bring  those  who  are 
interested  to  a  decision  for  Christ  and  to  gain  ac- 
cess to  them  for  further  personal  work,  cards  are 
distributed    by    the    workers,    to    be    signed    by 
these    interested,    collected    at    the    close    of    the 
meeting  and  given  out  to  the  pastors.     In  con- 
nection with  these  tent  meetings  and  special  evan- 
gelistic efforts,  the  active  co-operation  of  Christian 
men  and  women  is  needed  in  advertising,  in  seek- 
ing the  unconverted,  in  instructing  inquirers,  in 
singing,  and  in  financing  the  work. 


Redeeming  a  City  107 

One  of  the  most  powerful  agencies  in  the  hands  25.  The 
of  the  Church  for  the  salvation  of  a  city  is  the  school 
Sunday-school.  The  old  idea  of  this  school  has 
proven  inadequate  to  the  task  imposed  upon  it.  It 
must  now  be  under  some  responsible  control,  thor- 
ougly  organized  into  departments, — Primary,  in- 
cluding the  Cradle  Roll  and  Beginners'  Class; 
Junior;  Intermediate;  Senior;  Xormal;  Home; 
Missionary.  Its  instruction  must  be  graded,  pro- 
viding for  progressive  teaching  in  memorizing  the 
Bible ;  Bible  History ;  Bible  Doctrine ;  Bible  Geo- 
gi'aphy ;  Bible  Literature.  Its  worship,  which  in- 
cludes its  reading  of  the  Bible,  its  prayer,  its 
praise,  and  its  offerings,  must  be  interesting,  ele- 
vating, and  spiritual.  Its  methods  must  be  digni- 
fied, practical,  tested  and  adapted.  Its  great  domin- 
ating two-fold  object  must  be  kept  ever  in  view — 
to  bring  souls  to  Christ  and  build  them  up  in 
Christ.  The  modern  city  school  is  equipped  with 
a  specially  desig-ned  building,  which  is  provided 
with  suitable  furniture,  with  maps,  charts,  litera- 
ture, and  whatever  else  may  help  to  promote  its 
purpose  in  existence. 

In  all  the  chief  cities  of  America,  and  in  scores  26.   The 
of  the  smaller  ones,  the  evangelical  churches  unite  ci^ristian 

Associflition 

in  the  support  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation and  Young  Women's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, This  powerful  and  progressive  work  of  but 
little  more  than  a  half  century's  growth  has  ad- 
mirably adapted  itself  to  the  physical,  social,  in- 


108  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

tellectual  and  spiritual  needs  of  the  young  men  and 
young  women.  It  affords  an  unhindered  oppor- 
tunity for  religious  work  of  every  kind.  In  its 
secretaryship  is  to  be  found  a  life-work  worthy 
of  the  best  of  our  young  men  and  women. 
2,7  j-,ay  -^  powerful  ally  of  the  Church  in  the  uplift  of 
School  the  city  should  be  the  public  day-school.  This 
institution  of  the  State  draAvs  to  itself  by  the  mil- 
lion people  of  every  class  and  nationality.  In  many 
places  in  addition  to  intellectual  training  it  offers 
courses  in  manual  training  and  in  domestic  eco- 
nomy. Into  its  very  heart  the  Bible  should  be  put 
as  the  foundation  on  which  our  civilization  rests. 

28.  Visita-       In  many  of  our  cities   organization  exists   to 

*  promote  friendly  visiting.  Thus  persons  volim- 
tarily  band  themselves  together  to  visit  in  a  purely 
friendly  way  the  homes  of  the  poor,  of  the  unfor- 
tunate, of  the  sick,  and  of  strangers.  This  agency 
can  be  used  more  extensively  than  in  the  past  to 
extend  the  influence  of  Christianity.  In  many 
instances  trained  nurses  are  employed,  who  may 
become  powerful  witnesses  to  the  healing  grace  of 
the  Lord  Jesus. 

29.  Settle-  In  most  of  our  large  cities  there  are  companies 
ments  q£  pg^gons  who  for  philanthropic  or  Christian  rea- 
sons live  together  in  settlements  to  which  the  people 
of  the  neighborhood  may  look  for  social  enjoyment, 
for  helpful  counsel  and  for  comfort.  They  are 
provided  with  reading  rooms,  games,  baths,  kitch- 
ens, gymnasia  and  other  appliances  designed  for 


Redeeming  a  City  109 

their  purposes.  They  all  no  doubt  do  good,  but 
those  are  most  to  be  commended  that  are  openly 
Christian  and  seek  to  make  Christ  known  when- 
ever possible. 

To  the  shame  of  our  civilization  it  becomes  so.  Rescue 
necessary  to  establish  homes  for  the  rescue  of 
women,  who  through  temptation  have  lost  their 
chastity.  These  institutions  have  been  greatly 
blessed  by  God,  especially  in  reaching  women  who 
have  not  been  hardened  in  sin.  Thousands  have 
been  thus  reclaimed  and  given  back  to  society  to 
live  usefully  and  happily. 

One  of  the  most  powerful  and  successful  agen-  31.  The 
cies  now  at  work  amongst  the  ignorant  poor  and  ^^^y*^°'^ 
sinful  classes  of  the  city  is  the  Salvation  Army. 
Originating  in  England  not  far  from  a  quarter  of 
a  century  ago  it  has  spread  widely  throughout  the 
cities  of  the  world.  It  consists  of  a  great  army  of 
Christian  workers,  most  of  whom,  perhaps,  are 
the  fruits  of  its  own  labors,  who  under  a  certain 
form  of  strict  discipline  give  themselves  with  wond- 
erful zeal  and  self-denial  to  testifying  for  God  in 
halls  and  on  the  streets.  They  conduct  rescue  mis- 
sions, boarding  houses,  industrial  establishments, 
and  farms  for  the  protection  of  those  who  comp  un- 
der their  influence. 

As  you  have  estimated  the  place  and  influence  of  32,  a  city 
the  city  in  our  modem  life,  have  seen  something  and  You 
of  the  forces  of  good  and  evil  contending  for  its 
subjection,  and  have  measured  the  efforts  that  are 


110  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

being  made  for  its  redemption  to  God,  have  you 
asked  yourself  the  question,  "What  claims  has 
Jesus  upon  me  for  the  investment  of  my  life  in 
an  effort  to  make  his  Gospel  'the  power  of  God 
unto  salvation'  in  my  city?" 

Questions  and   B^lnts. 

1.  How  did  cities  originate?  Gives  some  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  city  near  or  in  which 
you  live.  Do  you  know  of  a  city  that  has  perished  ? 
Why? 

2.  Give  some  account  of  the  increase  in  the 
number  of  cities  in  the  United  States?  In  your 
own  State  ? 

3.  Compare  the  growth  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  and 
Atlanta,  Ga.     Why  the  difference  ? 

4.  What  influence  have  cities  on  business  ?  What 
is  your  trade  centre  ?    Why  ? 

5.  Why  do  men  of  executive  power  go  to  the 
cities  ?  Do  you  know  of  such  cases  ?  What  re- 
sults ? 

6.  Why  are  cities  the  centres  of  manufacturing  ? 
What  is  made  in  your  city? 

7.  Why  do  cities  become  distributing  centers  ? 

8.  Estimate  the  influence  of  cities  on  education  ? 
Is  this  influence  wholesome  ?  Why  were  or  were 
not  you  educated  in  a  city?  How  did  it  affect 
you? 

9.  Why  do  races,  nationalities  or  classes  settle 


Redeeming  a  City  111 

together  in  cities  ?  What  effect  has  this  on  its  life  ? 
Describe  a  visit  which  you  have  paid  to  a  certain 
"quarter"  of  a  city. 

10.  Describe  the  general  conditions  existing  in 
a  slum.     Make  your  own  definition  of  a  slum. 

11.  Why  is  it  difficult  to  describe  the  religious 
life  of  a  city  ? 

12.  Is  it  good  for  the  life  of  the  churches  in  a 
city  to  be  divided  into  classes?     Why? 

13.  What  is  apt  to  be  the  effect  of  a  forma] 
church  life  on  those  who  are  outside  it?  Would 
formality  be  an  improvement  on  some  conditions 
which  you  have  seen  or  heard  of  ? 

14.  What  tests  help  to  make  the  city  religious 
life  truly  genuine?  Name  one  or  more  distin- 
guished Christian  workers  or  thinkers,  who  were 
trained  in  a  city.  Can  you  trace  the  influence  of 
the  city  on  their  lives  ? 

15.  Why  do  the  great  preachers  go  to  the  cities  ? 
Is  your  answer  worthy  of  you  and  them  ?  Is  their 
course  justifiable  ? 

16.  Why  are  the  great  denominational  boards  on 
societies  located  in  the  cities  ?  Where  are  those  of 
your  own  church  ?  What  would  be  the  probable 
effect  of  their  removal  to  the  country  ? 

17.  Why  are  religious  activities  better  organized 
in  the  city  than  elsewhere  ? 

18.  What  forms  of  sin  seem  to  thrive  most  in 
cities  ?     Why  ? 


112         The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

19.  Carefully  estimate  the  real  religious  pro- 
blem of  the  city. 

20.  Give  in  outline  an  analysis  of  the  religioui 
condition  of  the  city  that  you  know  best. 

21.  What  is  the  general  remedy? 

22.  Give  an  estimate  of  the  influence  of  preach- 
ing. 

23.  What  are  the  general  effects  of  tent  work? 

24.  Lay  out  a  plan  for  an  evangelistic  campaign 
in  your  city. 

25.  Give  somewhat  in  detail  the  advantages  of 
the  Sunday  School  in  city  work.  What  is  your 
school  doing?  Are  you  trying  to  help  or  to  hin- 
der? 

26.  What  is  the  peculiar  sphere  of  the  Young 
Men's  and  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  ? 

27.  How  may  the  public  school  become  an  ally 
of  religion?     Is  it  such  in  your  town? 

28.  What  is  friendly  visiting? 

29.  If  you  have  the  opportunity,  visit  a  settle- 
ment. Describe  the  chief  lines  of  work  there 
done.  Is  Jesus  Christ  directly  made  known 
through  it  ? 

30.  Do  you  know  anything  of  the  Crittenden 
Homes  for  fallen  women? 

31.  Make  a  visit  to  the  nearest  Salvation  Army 
headquarters  and  thoroughly  investigate  the  work. 
Make  a  detailed  report  on  what  you  see.  Estimate 
its  value. 

32.  What  definite  thing  can  you  do  for  the  re- 


I 


Redeeming  a  City  113 


demption  of  the  men  and  women  of  your  city? 
Will  jou  do  it  ?     Are  you  doing  it  now  f 

I 


VI 

A  Problem  of  Isolation  :    The  Mountaineees 

OF  THE  South. 

From  northern  'New  York  to  the  foot  hills  of  i-  Their 
]N^orth  Georgia  and  Alabama,  in  the  general  di- 
rection of  northeast  and  southwest,  with  scarcely 
a  break  in  the  mighty  chain  stretches  the  Appalach- 
ian System  of  mountains.  At  its  heart  is  the 
primitive  gTanite.  Its  sides  are  covered  with 
grass,  bushes,  and  trees.  Its  valleys  are  fertile 
and  most  beautiful  to  look  upon.  From  these 
heights  the  waters  flow  into  the  Great  Lakes,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  their 
depths  are  hidden  immeasureable  treasures  of  iron, 
coal,  copper,  zinc,  lime-stone,  marble,  pyrites,  slate, 
salt,  oil,  with  here  and  there  a  dash  of  gold. 
Across  them  a  dozen  or  more  great  railroads  have 
built  their  lines  into  the  grain  fields  of  the  West, 
while  shorter  lines  are  helping  to  bring  all  parts 
of  this  favored  region  close  to  market  and  are 
opening  their  vast  resources  in  raw  material  to 
the  enterprise  and  science  of  man.  On  the  tops 
and  sides  of  these  great  mountains  there  are  beau- 
tiful hotels  and  splendid  sanatoriums  for  the  pleas- 
ure and  healing  of  the  people.  The  region  is  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world  and  will  soon 

115 


116  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

be  the  playground  and  sanatorium  of  the  whole 
Atlantic  seaboard.  The  system  reaches  its  high- 
est point  at  Mt.  Mitchell,  which  is  6,710  ft.  high. 
2.  Phygicai  The  section  of  this  region  north  of  Virginia 
has  been  developed  further  than  that  from  Vir- 
ginia south.  It  is  not  proposed  here  to  study  this 
northern  section.  We  wish  here  to  look  into  the 
conditions  existing  in  the  mountain  counties  of 
Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Arkan- 
sas, and  Missouri.  The  following  table  gives  ap- 
proximately the  number  of  counties  in  each  State, 
their  area,  population,  illiteracy  and  foreign  born 
citizens,  according  to  the  Census  of  1900. 


Virginia 

87 

17,700 

638,039 

90,400 

2,413 

■West  Virginia 

21 

12.593 

280,679 

30,015 

5,860 

North  Carolina 

29 

12,292 

460,483 

83,287 

1,081 

South  CaroUna 

4 

2,679 

162,059 

81,680 

458 

Georgia 

27 

8,710 

349,910 

53,433 

648 

Alabama 

27 

19,790 

744,381 

133,732 

8,510 

Tennessee 

40 

15,853 

678,397 

100,028 

4,050 

Kentncky 

42 

15,251 

583,427 

93,848 

2,790 

Arkansas 

29 

21,265 

506,885 

50,918 

6,064 

Missouri 

10 

7,314 

166,556 

13,145 

2,665 

Total  266         133,506        4,570,816  680,431         85,134 

3.  Soil,       One  of  the  peculiarities  of  these  mountains  is 

Rivers, 
Climate 


Rivers,  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  wooded  to  their  tops.     On  some  of 


Mountaineers  of  the  South  117 

the  highest  peaks  in  Korth  Carolina  there  are 
"balds,"  considerable  acres  without  trees  but 
covered  with  rich  grass.  The  Indians  of  the  re- 
gion had  a  tradition  that  these  balds  marked  the 
foot-prints  of  the  Evil  Spirit  as  he  stepped  from 
peak  to  peak.  The  sides  of  the  mountains  are 
composed  often  of  fertile  soil.  The  valleys  and 
coves  are  famous  for  their  productivity.  The 
whole  region  is  watered  by  abundant  springs, 
brooks,  creeks,  and  rivers,  which  sparkle  in  the 
sunlight  and  sing  as  they  descend.  The  climate 
is  most  healthful.  In  the  summer  it  is  cool,  and 
in  the  winter,  cold,  sometimes  severe,  but  always 
bracing. 

Here  are  vnst  primeval  forests  of  spruce,  white  4^  products 
pine,  yellow  pine,  cedar,  poplar,  walnut,  oak,  hick- 
ory, birch,  maple,  hemlock,  drawing  thither  lum- 
bermen, who  are  fast  cutting  away  these  riches. 
Crops  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  oats,  com, 
and  grass  are  easily  raised.  On  the  mountain 
sides  the  fields  are  small  and  often  so  precipitous 
that  plowing  becomes  there  a  fine  art  indeed. 
In  the  valleys  however  there  are  farms  of  several 
hundred  acres,  level  and  most  attractive.  Huckle- 
berries and  blackberries  grow  wild  in  great  per- 
fection and  abundance.  Apples,  peaches,  plums, 
and  cherries  are  plentiful  and  fine.  Herbs  used 
for  medicine  or  for  flavoring  extracts  are  found 
in  large  quantities.  Apples  from  this  region  are 
famous  in  the  great  markets  of  the  world.     The 


118  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

delicious  Albemarle  pippin  goes  from  the  moun- 
tains of  Virginia  to  the  royal  tables  of  England. 
In  the  Ozark  Mountains  of  Missouri  and  Arkan- 
sas thousands  of  acres  have  been  planted  in  apple 
trees  with  enormous  profits  to  their  owners.  Gar- 
den vegetables  of  almost  every  kind  flourish  to 
great  perfection. 
5.  Isolation  This  region,  so  charming  and  resourceful  within 
itself,  is  by  a  provision  of  nature  isolated.  The 
huge  mountains  have  proved  strong  barriers 
against  the  approach  of  good  turnpike  roads  and 
railroads.  The  turnpike  as  a  rule  scarcely  de- 
serves the  name,  although  there  are  notable  recent 
exceptions.  The  skill  of  the  engineer  is  taxed  to 
build  a  railroad  up  their  sides  and  through  their 
tops.  Telegraph  lines  have  not  yet  left  the  rail- 
road line  as  a  general  thing.  The  telephone  is 
rapidly  bringing  the  people  in  close  touch  with 
the  outside  world  and  into  internal  fellowship. 
These  physical  conditions  are  largely  responsible 
for  the  state  of  the  people.  A  story  is  told  in  one 
of  these  mountain  sections  of  a  man  who  many 
years  ago  chose  a  location  for  a  home,  built  a  house, 
cleared  away  the  forest,  and  prospered.  Real- 
izing that  he  should  have  a  wife,  he  sought  in  vain 
for  one  in  his  own  settlement.  He  decided  to 
go  further,  and  some  ten  miles  away  in  a  neigh- 
borhood separated  from  his  by  bad  roads  and  a  high 
mountain  he  found  a  lady  who  suited  him.  He 
promised  if  she  would  becoine  his  wife  t-o  take  her 


The  Mountaineers  of  the  South  119 

to  live  in  another  State,  a  hundred  miles  away. 
At  the  appointed  time  for  the  marriage  he  ap- 
peared with  his  wagon,  ready  for  the  long  journey. 
After  they  w^ere  made  one,  he  took  her  hy  a  very 
circuitous  route  to  his  own  home.  She  lived  there 
for  two  years  in  blissful  ignorance  of  the  location. 
Happening  one  day  to  climb  the  mountain  near  by, 
she  was  attracted  by  the  familiar  sound  of  a  cow- 
bell. Following  it  she  came  upon  the  cow  that  she 
used  to  milk  and  was  thus  led  to  her  old  home.  The 
world  of  education,  of  enterprise,  and  of  progTess 
has  been  shut  out;  the  people  have  been  shut  in. 
Isolation  explains  the  facts  to  a  very  large  degree. 

As  we  have  seen,  within  the  resrion  lives  a  popu-  ^  The  Peo- 

.  .  ple-Their 

lation  of  4,570,816.     Of  this  total  population  only  origin 

35,134  or  .0074  per  cent  are  foreign  born.  Here 
then  is  a  people  of  remarkable  homogeneity  and 
of  exceptionally  pure  American  birth.  Their 
names  and  traditions  indicate  their  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  French,  and  German  origin.  There  are 
more  people  of  unmixed  colonial  ancestry  in  North 
Carolina,  perhaps,  than  in  any  other  State  of  the 
Union.  In  these  mountains  the  names  and  cus- 
toms of  colonial  times  exist  to  such  an  extent  that 
the  people  may  be  called  modern  colonials.  They 
went  to  the  mountains  originally  for  various  reas- 
ons. Many  went  for  pure  love  of  adventure,  led 
by  the  pioneer  spirit  Others  left  the  eastern 
sections  of  the  States  because  they  did  not  own 
negro  slaves  and  would  not  compete  with  slave 


120  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

labor.  Slavery  never  existed  in  this  region  to  any 
great  extent. 
7.  Classes  Here  as  elsewhere  differences  of  birth,  educa- 
tion, wealth  and  character  divide  people  into 
classes.  Isolation  explains  the  fact  often  notice- 
able that  one  neighborhood  differs  materially  from 
one  a  few  miles  away.  A  family  settled  in  a 
certain  valley  years  ago  and  its  descendants  have 
owned  it  for  several  generations.  In  this  way 
family  traits  have  been  powerfully  impressed  upon 
the  region.  Upon  another  neighborhood,  not  far 
away,  another  family  with  different  origin,  train- 
ing, and  traits  impresses  itself.  Because  of  these 
local  differences,  it  is  very  difficult  to  make  ac- 
curate general  statements.  To  think  of  all  the 
people  in  this  vast  section  as  alike  in  all  respects 
would  be  a  great  mistake.  Here  may  be  found  peo- 
ple of  education  and  wealth,  who  own  large  estates 
and  live  in  beautiful  houses  and  enjoy  the  pleas- 
ures and  employments  of  the  most  refined  society. 
It  is  not  to  be  forgotten  that  in  this  region  are 
included  the  rich  and  populous  valleys  of  Virginia 
and  East  Tennessee,  besides  a  great  number  of 
smaller  ones,  where  the  people  are  prosperous, 
cultered,  and  devout  in  an  unusual  degree.  Then 
there  is  a  large  class  of  small  farmers,  who  live 
in  humbler  homes  but  with  considerable  comfort 
and  with  the  most  perfect  independence.  A  third 
class  may  be  seen  in  almost  every  community,  con- 
sisting of  people  who  do  not  own  th^iv  homes,  but 


The  Mountaineers  of  the  South  121 

who  rent  land,  or  work  as  day  laborers.  The 
mountains  do  not  possess  a  monopoly  of  this  class 
surely. 

The  family  that  is  specially  worthy  of  our  lov-  s-  Their 
ing-  ministry  lives  near  the  road  on  the  side  of  Material 
the  mountain  or  in  a  cove.  Their  house  is  built 
of  hewn  logs,  fitted  together.  Since  the  advent 
of  the  steam  saw-mill  the  houses  are  being  made 
of  sawn  lumber  and  are  much  more  roomy  and 
comfortable.  It  is  a  mistaken  idea,  however,  that 
a  log  house  is  always  uncomfortable.  If  it  is  wel] 
built  and  plastered,  it  is  both  cool  in  the  summer 
and  warm  in  winter.  It  has  two  or  three  rooms  with 
a  '^loft,"  or  garret.  It  has  a  plain  door  and  two 
or  three  windows,  often  without  glass,  which  can 
be  closed  by  heavy  shutters.  The  cracks  between 
the  logs  have  been  closed  partially  by  mud  or 
plaster.  There  is  a  chimney  made  of  rough  Btones, 
and  a  large  fireplace  which  often  serves  the  triple 
purpose  of  cooking,  heating,  and  lighting.  One 
room  is  used  exclusively  for  sleeping  and  com* 
pany.  The  other  serves  as  dining  room,  kitchen, 
and  pantry,  besides  holding  a  bed  or  two.  The 
furniture  is  very  simple  indeed  and  scant.  The 
cooking  is  done  over  the  open  fire  in  pot,  or  pan, 
or  oven.  In  many  cases  cheap  cook  stoves  are 
lending  their  aid  to  the  burdened  housewife. 
Their  food  consists  of  corn-bread,  sometimes  flour 
biscuits,  bacon,  sometimes  fowls  or  game,  with 
vegetables  in  season.     The  finest  honey  from  home- 


122  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

made  hives  and  preserves  put  up  by  the  wife  are 
at  hand.  Outside  there  are  chickens  and  some- 
times geese.  At  the  spring  not  far  away  there  is 
a  pot  for  boiling  and  a  tub  for  w^ashing  the  clothes. 
In  the  rude  stable  there  is  a  horse,  with  a  wagon 
outside.  Farm  tools  are  few  and  simple.  In 
the  yard  are  a  few  bright  flowers,  while  apple 
and  peach  and  cherry  trees  are  nearby. In  this 
simple  home  lives  a  man  with  his  wife  and  from 
three  to  ten  children.  He  does  not  ask  for  pity 
and  will  promptly  resent  the  least  show  of  conde- 
scension. His  iscolation  has  cut  him  off  from  op- 
portunity, and  his  improvidence  tends  to  seal  his 
destiny.  His  poverty  discourages  effort,  and  sim- 
ple inertia  helps  to  keep  him  where  he  is.  The  sec- 
ond class  referred  to  in  section  seven  has  also 
been  powerfully  affected  by  isolation.  They  have 
been  shut  off  from  good  teaching  and  intelligent 
worship  imtil  they  fail  to  appreciate  the  value  of 
both.  They  can  pay  moderate  sums  for  schools 
and  are  coming  to  estimate  aright  their  responsi- 
bility and  privilege.  They  respond  at  once  to 
friendly  efforts  to  help  them  help  themselves. 
9.  Educa-  Some  figures  concerning  illiteracy  have  already 
tionai.  Ijeen  given.  But  they  do  not  tell  the  whole  story. 
These  counties  are  divided  into  school  districts 
whose  location  and  size  are  not  always  determined 
by  intelligence  and  usefulness.  Sometimes  the 
board  of  education  is  composed  of  unintelligent 
though  honest  and  earnest  citi^ns;  sometimes  it 


The  Mountaineers  of  the  South  12a 

is  controlled  by  small  designing  politicians.  The 
school  houses  are  often  rude  and  uncomfortable 
log  houses,  with  little  or  no  furniture.  The 
teacher  is  likely  to  be  poorly  equipped  and  has  sore 
need  to  be  taught  himself.  A  well  informed  and 
devoted  friend  of  the  mountaineers  tells  this  anec- 
dote :  "A  friend  related  an  incident  that  gives  an 
insight  into  the  situation  in  some  of  these  com- 
munities. While  making  his  way  on  horse-back 
from  the  railway  station  to  a  summer  resort  hotel,, 
he  was  accosted  with  the  following  plea  by  a  des- 
perate looking  individual  sitting  on  the  road  side :. 
'Mister,  can't  you  help  a  fellow  out  of  a  mighty  bad 
fix  ?  Them  chillun  at  the  school  has  got  more 
sense  than  I've  got;  and  I  am  afeard  they'll  find 
out  that  I  can't  work  this  here  sum,  and  I'll  lose 
my  place.'  Upon  asking  him  to  state  the  problem, 
it  proved  to  be  the  following:  'If  one  yard  of 
calico  cost  7^  cents,  what  would  8  yards  cost  ?'  " 
The  school  term  in  most  of  these  counties  is  pain- 
fully short.  In  seven  typical  mountain  counties 
of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  it  averaged  in 
1901  seventy-six  days  a  year.  In  almost  all  these 
regions  a  public  library  is  unheard  of,  and  books 
are  scarce  everywhere.  The  public  men  are  sel- 
dom well  educated,  though  numbers  of  them  are  in- 
telligent and  thoughtful.  Truly  these  conditions 
call  for  serious  thought  and  vigorous  action.  The 
situation  is  not  hopeless,  since  decided  progress 
has  been  made  in  the  last  few  years. 


124  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

10  Reiigrious  A  very  great  mistake  is  often  made  in  suppos- 
ing that  the  mountain  people  are  morally  much 
■worse  than  others.  Such  is  far  from  the  case. 
That  the  wide-spread  lack  of  education  places 
them  at  a  serious  disadvantage  is  not  denied.  But 
the  people  are  very  religiously  inclined.  There 
are  many  church  organizations  among  them  and 
preachers  in  plenty.  The  church  buildings  are 
often  rude  log  houses,  and  the  preachers  suffer 
for  lack  of  broad  education.  Services  are  held 
not  more  than  once  a  month  in  these  churches. 
By  far  the  greater  portion  of  the  people  are  Bap- 
tists and  Methodists,  the  majority  probably  being 
Baptist.  The  sermons  that  they  most  enjoy  and 
for  the  most  part  hear  are  in  the  main  long  dis- 
'Cussions  on  abstract  doctrines,  very  frequently  of 
a  narrow,  denominational  character.  An  edu- 
cated minister  once  preached  in  this  region,  his 
sermon  being  about  thirty  minutes  long.  After 
worship  the  following  conversation  occurred.  A 
native  preacher  asked  him,  "Are  you  educated  ?" 
*'Yes,"  said  the  minister,  "I  have  been  educated." 
"How  long  did  you  go  to  school  ?"  "Well,  I  was 
four  years  in  college  and  three  years  in  the  theo- 
logical seminary."  "And  after  all  that  schooling 
you  can't  preach  but  half  an  hour !  Why  any  of 
our  preachers  can  preach  two  hours  without  going 
to  school  at  all."  Sunday-schools  are  not  main- 
tained in   all  the  churches,   and,  where  they  do 


The  Mountaineers  of  the  South  125 

exist,  they  are  in  great  need  of  equipment  and  bet- 
ter teaching. 

Of  course  it  is  diflacult  to  name  characteristics  t^rt^jcs**^ 
that  will  apply  universally  over  so  wide  an  area, 
and  among  people  differing  so  in  condition.  It  is 
believed  that  the  following  are  general  To  a 
marked  degree  the  people  are  honest.  Dwellings 
and  bams  are  left  without  fastening  and  without 
fear  of  depredation.  Almost  without  exception 
the  people  are  hospitable.  Poor  they  may  be  and 
unprepared  to  entertain  guests,  but  a  respectable 
and  worthy  person  is  sure  to  be  welcomed  to  all 
that  the  people  have.  A  widespread  peculiarity 
is  failure  to  appreciate  aright  the  sacredness  of  a 
promise,  especially  as  to  matters  which  appear  to 
be  of  small  importance.  They  are  rather  un- 
demonstrative and  at  first  non-committal,  but 
this  arises  from  their  purpose  to  shield  them- 
selves from  imposition  and  to  maintain  their 
independence.  In  some  of  the  communities 
their  is  a  sort  of  tribal  feeling  running  through 
the  large  family  connections,  and  violence,  real 
or  fancied,  done  to  this  feeling  meets  with 
prompt,  vigoroug,  and  often  fatal  treatment. 
Their  independence  is  everywhere  a  most  notable 
trait  of  character,  and  it  asserts  itseK  in  all  pos- 
sible ways.  The  position  of  inferiority  given 
women  among  the  second  and  third  classes  named 
above  is  a  most  lamentable  fault  There  is  a  story 
to  the  effect  that  in  reply  to  some  questions  of  a 


126  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

stranger  a  mountain  woman  once  said,  "Men  and 
dogs  has  an  easy  time  in  these  parts,  but  its  auful 
hard  on  women  and  steers."  The  whole  concep- 
tion of  the  relation  of  woman  to  her  husband,  to 
the  children,  and  to  the  work  of  the  family  sadly 
needs  radical  change.  They  are  intensely  relig- 
ious in  temperament.  They  believe  in  God  and  in 
the  Bible  and  in  the  Church.  Skepticism  is  rare. 
They  love  to  go  to  church  and  delight  in  religious 
controversy,  being  often  quite  skilfuU  in  debate. 

12.    Respon-       'pj^g   mountaineers    are   not   worse   than   other 
slveness, 

people.     They  have  not  had  what  might  be  called 

a  full  American  chance.  They  have  been  and  are 
isolated.  They  are  truly  virgin  soil.  Their 
greatest  need  is  opportunity.  A  new  desire  to 
know,  to  do,  to  be,  is  spreading  abroad,  and  op- 
portunities for  betterment  are  eagerly  seized. 
From  these  mountains  have  come  a  number  of 
leading  men  in  all  the  States  where  they  lived.  In 
the  Revolutionary  War  it  was  a  band  of  mountain- 
eers of  the  better  class  from  ^North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee  who  marched  horseback  through  dense 
forrests  and  in  the  face  of  great  hardship  finder 
their  brilliant  leader  John  Sevier,  to  fall  upon  the 
Brtish  at  King's  Mountain,  and,  to  quote  Thomas 
Jefferson,  "That  glorious  victory  was  the  joyous 
annunciation  of  that  turn  in  the  tide  of  success 
which  terminated  the  Revolutionary  War  with  the 
seal  of  independence."  In  every  great  crisis  of 
the  nation  they  have  furnished  their  full  share  of 


The  Mountaineers  of  the  South  127 

men  who  dared  to  die  for  their  convictions.  To- 
day in  the  Southern  schools,  colleges,  and  univer- 
eities  the  young  men  and  women  from  those  sim- 
ple mountain  homes  are  making  brilliant  records 
in  scholarship  in  the  face  of  difficulties  that  would 
overcome  people  of  less  sturdy  and  resourceful 
stock. 

It  must  be  distinctly  understood  that  any  13.  Methods 
method  of  work  that  may  be  adopted  must  be  °*  Work 
carried  out  in  the  spirit  of  pure  brotherliness. 
The  spirit  of  criticism,  of  condescension,  of  pity 
will  be  at  once  detected  and  resisted  with  the  ut- 
most determination.  To  this  grand  work  the 
Church  and  the  School  must  go  hand  in  hand. 

The  fundamental  conception  of  the  church  must  i4.  The 
be  broadened.  There  is  need  of  better  church  ^^ 
buildings  to  cultivate  the  spirit  of  reverence.  The 
preaching  must  be  altered  from  narrow  sectarian 
j  discussions  to  such  a  treatment  of  the  Bible  as 
'  will  show  its  relation  to  the  life  that  now  is.  Care- 
fully trained  ministers  of  the  Gospel  must  go  to 
them  with  large  resources,  with  constructive  power, 
and  with  a  vast  love  for  the  people.  To  such 
leaders  they  will  give  a  warm  welcome  and  a  large 
place  in  their  lives.  Sunday-schools  are  needed 
in  every  neighborhood  where  twenty  or  more  per- 
sons can  be  brought  together,  to  be  organized, 
equipped,  and  conducted  according  to  modern 
ideas.  The  people  need  pastorial  care  of  the  most 
instructive,  encouraging  and  spiritual  kind  in  every 


128  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

direction.  The  best  religious  literature  is  needed  in 
the  form  of  books,  papers,  and  tracts.  Evangelis- 
tic meetings  are  required,  in  which  the  people  are 
moved  to  action  by  emotion  fed  upon  careful  in- 
struction and  by  consciences  enlived  by  the  pure 
Word  of  God. 

16.  The  The  whole  educational  equipment  and  process 
School  jjgg(j  reform.  The  public  school  must  be  awakened 
to  a  sense  of  its  opportunity  to  instruct,  to  unite, 
and  to  advance  a  whole  generation.  The  people 
will  gladly  come  together  to  hear  addresses  by  com- 
petent men  on  the  nature  and  value  of  education, 
and  no  mas  meetings  are  needed.  Here  the 
church  is  lending  its  aid  with  the  most  encourag- 
ing results.  For  scattered  over  most  of  this  re- 
gion nuder  the  controll  of  different  denominations 
are  excellent  schools,  conducted  with  modem  ideals 
and  methods.  Besides  secular  learning  these 
schools  teach  the  Bible  systematically  and  care- 
fully. In  thousands  of  cases  isolation,  poverty 
and  lack  of  intelligence  make  it  impossible  for  the 
homes  to  provide  the  best  condition  for  rearing 
children.  In  such  cases  boarding  schools  intro- 
duce the  boys  and  girls  into  the  best  home  condi- 
tions available.  There  is  urgent  need  for  schools 
that  will  teach  domestic  science,  gardening,  farm- 
ing, wood  and  iron  working,  and  the  care  of  ani- 
mals. 

16.  Sell  It  is  true  that  while  the  redemption  of  a  peo- 
^^^^  pie  from  ignorance,  poverty,  and  sin  may  be  suc' 


The  Mountaineers  of  the  South         129 

cessfuUy  begun  by  outside  persons,  its  completion 
can  be  accomplished  only  by  the  people  them- 
selves. Whatever  redemptive  forces  may  be  em- 
ployed by  generous  and  devout  friends,  the  dis- 
tinct purpose  should  everywhere  reign  to  teach  the 
people  to  raise  themselves.  Native  mountaineers 
must  be  educated  to  be  teachers  and  preachers 
among  their  own  people. 

It  is  difficult  to  name  the  good  results  already  17.  Resvats 
reached.  The  spirit  of  improvement  is  spreading 
abroad  in  the  great  mountains.  The  material  con- 
ditions which  have  existed  for  generations  are  rap- 
idly changing  with  the  advent  of  the  railroad  and 
the  sawmill.  Better  trained  ministers  are  even 
now  at  work.  The  school  is  answering  to  the  de- 
mands made  upon  it  with  some  traces  of  modern 
efficiency.  But  the  most  blessed  results  have  been 
reached  through  the  education  and  conversion  of 
hundreds  of  resourceful  young  men  and  women, 
who  have  returned  to  their  homes  representing  a 
new  era  and  humbly  taking  their  places  in  the 
home  life  to  redeem  it  and  to  raise  it  to  God. 

What  are  these  magnificent  mountains  saying  I8.  The 
to  me?  They  call  me  to  rest,  to  recreation  and  g^^jj 
to  pleasure.  They  welcome  me  to  climb  their  rugged 
slopes  and  to  stand  on  their  high-lifted  summits 
and  gaze  into  the  blue  distance  where  the  ^'far- 
flung  line"  of  peaks  disappears.  At  my  feet  there 
are  thousands  of  natives,  honest,  hospitable,  eager, 
responsive,  and  resourceful  people,  isolated,  shut 


130  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

in  upon  themselves  and  shut  out  from  God's  large 
place.  The  restless,  hungry  city  yonder  calls  me 
to  enter  its  struggle,  and  it  represents  power,  in- 
fluence, position.  As  I  gaze,  Jesus  Christ  comes 
up  the  path,  and,  standing  at  my  side,  looks  into 
the  great  valley  below  with  longing  eyes.  He  goes 
down  the  path,  beckoning  to  me,  and  together  we 
go  into  the  isolation,  the  hunger,  the  sin,  into  the 
infinite  promise  of  human  life  made  rich  and 
beautiful  by  his  touch. 

Questions  and  Hints. 

1.  Get  out  a  good  map  and  study  carefully  the 
location  of  the  Southern  mountains.  Bring  to  the 
class  objects  gotten  in  this  region,  or  pictures  of 
its  scenery  and  life. 

2.  In  what  States  do  these  brothers  live  ?  Study 
the  statistics  until  they  speak  to  you. 

3.  Can  you  verify  the  description  of  the  soil, 
rivers  and  climate? 

4:.  Are  the  products  of  the  region  sufficient  to 
sustain  its  life  ? 

5.  Estimate  the  influence  of  isolation.  Its 
causes.     Compare  it  with  Chinese  isolation. 

6.  Give  some  account  of  their  origin.  Trace 
some  of  their  family  names  to  their  source,  such 
as  Sevier,  Benfield,  Buchanan,  Vance,  Burleson, 
Banner,  McCoy. 

T.  Describe  the  classes  of  people.  How  did 
they  originate  ? 


The  Mountaineers  of  the  South         131 

8.  Give  in  jour  own  words  a  picture  of  a  moun- 
tain home  ? 

9.  Report  upon  their  educational  condition. 

10.  How  do  their  religious  characteristics  differ 
from  those  of  your  community  ? 

11.  What  of  their  responsiveness  ?  Make  a  list 
of  leading  inen  in  American  history  who  came 
from  the  mountains.  What  did  each  one  in  your 
list  do  ? 

13.  What    spirit    must    characterize    remedial 
work? 
.  14.  Estimate  the  work  to  be  done  by  the  church. 

15.  The  value  of  the  school. 

16.  Why  should  native  workers  be  trained? 
Discuss  the  question  of  self-help  as  related  to  evan- 
gelization. 

lY.  What  results  from  work  done? 
18.  May  not  Jesus  Christ  be  calling  you  to  give 
your  life  to  these  brothers  in  isolation? 

Books  of  Reference. 

Literature  on  this  subject  is  chiefly  in  the  form 
of  leaflets,  pamphlets  and  reports. 

Write  to  your  denominational  Horn.?  Missionary 
Board  or  Society  for  information.. 

Reports  of  Southern  Board  of  Education,  Uni- 
versity of  Tenn.,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Reports  of  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


132  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

At  Our  Own  Door,  by  S.  L.  Morris. 
Heroes  of  the  Cross  in  America,  by  Don  O. 
Shelton. 


vn 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  :  The  Country 
Church. 

In  a  group  of  twenty-nine  students  in  the  Col-  i.  Point  of 
lege  Conference  for  the  Southwest,  there  were  sev-  °"** 
enteen  men  whose  parents  were  from  the  country, 
and  twelve  of  the  men  came  thence  themselves.  It 
is  undoubtedly  true  that  most  of  the  people  who 
live  in  the  Central,  Western  and  Southern  Statejt 
are  close  to  the  country,  and  have  pleasant  recol- 
lections of  their  own,  or  of  their  grandparents' 
rural  home.  Perhaps  it  was  not  far  from  tliis 
home  to  the  country  church  where  the  family 
went  to  worship.  The  building  was  plain  in  its 
white  and  green.  It  stood  not  far  from  the  cross- 
roads in  a  small  grove  of  beautiful  trees.  Just 
a  little  way  from  it  was  the  burying  ground  where 
our  kin  for  generations  have  found  a  resting  place 
till  the  trumpet  of  God  shall  wake  them.  Just 
down  the  hill  was  the  spring  where  the  thirsty 
crowds  went  for  sweet  cool  water.  Here  and 
there  in  the  grove  were  hitching  posts  where  the 
horses  were  tied.  On  preaching  day  it  was  filled 
with  horses,  mules,  wagons,  buggies  and  carriages. 
Inside  the  house  the  pews  were  plain,  and  the  floor 
uncarpeted.  At  most  two  stoves  furnished  the 
heat  for  the  winter.  A  small  cabinet  organ  to  one 
side  near  the  front  showed  where  the  choir  sat. 
133 


134  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

The  pulpit  was  unadorned,  consisting  of  a  plat- 
form on  which  Avere  a  desk  for  the  Bible  and  hymn 
hook  and  two  chairs  for  the  minister  and  an  occas- 
ional visiting  brother.  "Sweetly  simple,"  we  say. 
Yes !  But  here  it  was  that  the  people  learned  of 
God  and  of  one  another,  and  the  fires  of  faith 
were  kept  aglow,  and  reverence  was  cultivated, 
and  love  grew  strong.  Some  who  study  these 
pages  will  be  going  back  there  one  of  these  days  as 
pastors,  and  many  to  live  and  work  and  die.  We 
need  to  study  the  conditions  carefully. 
^'r.  ^^.*®"^^       This  church  was  once  large  and  flourishing,  but 

Conditions  ^  ^      ,  .        . 

(1)  Small  now  it  is  weak  and  small.     This  state  of  affairs  is 
and  Weak  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  changes  in  the  population.    Many  of  the 

old  people  have  died  and  the  younger  generation 
has  moved  away.  Sometimes  it  happens  that  a 
village  has  grown  up  some  miles  away  around  a 
railroad  station  and  the  people  have  moved  their 
membership  there.  What  is  to  be  done  with  the 
remnant  ?  The  old  must  be  comforted  and  the 
young  must  be  trained.  In  many  cases  the  church 
differs  from  the  one  just  described  in  that  it  is 
small  because  it  is  new.     Its  future  depends  upon 

its  being  nurtured  now. 

(2)  Large  " 

and  Strong-       There  are  still  left  many  large  and  strong  rural 

churches,  their  membership  numbering  several 
hundred.  Its  supporters  are  prosperous  farmers 
who  take  an  honest  pride  in  their  church  relations 
and  give  time  and  money  and  thought  to  their 
maintenance. 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  135 

As  above  indicated  the  rural  churcli  buildings  (3.)  Plain 
are  severely  plain  in  architecture,  as  a  general  rule^ 
In  this  respect  they  are  protestant  indeed.  They 
are  uncomfortable  in  the  winter  and  far  too  little 
care  is  bestowed  on  them.  Of  course  there  are 
notable  exceptions,  where  the  buildings  are  large 
and  handsome,  giving  evidence  of  the  refined  taste 
and  wealtli  of  the  community. 

It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  average  size  of  the  (4>    sman 
country  church.     The  majority  of  them  belong  to  edtSmber-' 
the  Methodist  and  Baptist  denominations.     On  the  ship 
whole,   perhaps,  their  average  membership  num- 
bers less  than  150  communicants.     By  the  very 
nature  of  the  case  they  must  be  scattered,  in  not  a 
few  cases,  families  living  seven  and  ten  miles  from 
the  church. 

In  some  of  the  older  and  richer  States  of  the  (6)  Bad 
Eftst  the  rural  districts  are  blessed  with  many  miles 
of  graded  and  macademized  roads,  a  journey  over 
which  is  a  delight.  But  throughout  the  land  at 
large  the  roads  are  bad  indeed.  In  the  summer 
time  they  are  endurable,  but  in  the  winter  and 
early  spring  their  condition  makes  them  often  im- 
passable. ^STot  long  ago  a  progressive  pastor 
preached  a  sermon  to  his  country  church  on  "Good 
Eoads  as  a  Means  of  Grace." 

The  American  climate  is  favorable  to  out-of-  (6)    inciem- 
door  life  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  but  in    "^ 
every  section  there  are  months  of  frost  or  rain.    It 
is  hard  on  man  and  beast  to  drive  for  miles  over 


136  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

rough  roads  in  a  storm  to  find  shelter  in  a  cold 

building  or  stand  tied  exposed  to  the  cold  and  wet. 

(7.)  Unsuit-       Xhe  improvement  in  the  quality  of  the  vehicles 
ableVehi-  n    ,  ,  i      i         i 

cies  used  by  country  people  has  been  great  m  recent 
years,  and  will  continue  to  be  greater  with  the  in- 
crease of  wealth  and  the  betterment  of  the  roads. 
But  in  multitudes  of  cases,  especially  amongst  the 
poor,  open  buggies,  Avagons  or  carts  are  the  only 
means  of  getting  to  church  besides  walking, 
3.  inteUec-       In  many  rural  districts  the  people  are  well  edu- 
(1.)  improv-  cated,  their  homes  are  supplied  with  good  reading 
iner  and  they  are  interested  in  matters  far  beyond  their 
immediate  surroundings.     ISTevertheless  it  is  true 
that  for  various  reasons  country  people  are  not 
generally  as  well  educated  as  their  friends  who  live 
in  town  or  city.     And  so  the  country  church  faces 
the  problem  of  ignorance  as  well  as  of  sin. 
(2.)  stim-       In  thousands  of  country  districts  the  church  ia 
Ediics^ion  ^^®  strongest  stimulus  to  education  in  existence. 
Its  very  presence  brings  light,  and   its  supreme 
struggle  is  with  the  darkness.     In  the  early  set- 
tlement of  this  country  the  church  and  school  house 
stood  by  one  another  in  more  senses  than  one,  and 
the  prophet  on  Sunday  was  the  preceptor  on  week 
days. 
°Life      "^^^  church  is  the  center  of  the  social  life  of 
many  a  rural  community,  and  should  by  all  means 
be  made  more  and  more  the  supreme  influence 
thereof.     This  is  manifested  in  many  ways. 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  137 

The  teaching  and  preaching  services  on  Sunday  ( i '  The 
more  frequently  and  regularly  bring  the  people  i^etin^ 
together  than  any  other  occasion.  The  routine  of 
the  farm-life  or  the  weather  has  kept  the  people 
close  at  home  during  the  week.  On  Sunday  neigh- 
bor meets  neighbor  on  the  friendliest  terms  at  the 
church.  Here  they  exchange  news  about  their  af- 
fairs and  often  lay  wise  and  useful  plans  for  the 
common  good.  Here  strangers  are  introduced  and 
cordially  welcomed  to  the  hospitalit}''  of  the  neigh- 
borhood. In  their  worship  they  are  drawn  together 
and  made  homogeneous.  On  these  occasions  the 
preacher  is,  humanly  speaking,  the  most  powerful 
constructive  force  in  the  life  of  the  whole  region. 

The  burial  of  the  dead  brings  the  people  to-  puneraf 
gather  under   circumstances  peculiarly  favorable 
to  the  cultivation  of  sympathy  and  kindly  service. 
All  weep  together. 

In  the  marriage  of  the  young  the  whole  church  <3)  The 
is  interested,  and  for  weeks  this  happy  event  is  the 
chief  subject  of  conversation.    All  rejoice  to  make 
the  young  folks    happy,   and  the    community  is 
united  in  rejoicing. 

More  and  more  these  days  the  church  is  bring- 
ing its  people  together  to  cultivate  acquaintance, 
and  teach  people  to  be  interested  in  one  another. 
This  custom  is  more  observed  in  to^vn  and  city 
than  in  the  country  at  present.  But  it  is  surely 
making  its  way  to  the  most  remote  localities.  At 
tliese  occasions  an  excellent  opportunity  is  afforde4 


138  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

for  the  cultivation  of  social  graces  and  manners, 
and  the  young  are  taught  -wholesome  forms  of 
recreation.  One  of  the  most  serious  defects  in 
American  rural  life  is  the  lack  of  social  organiza- 
tion. The  first  duty  of  the  church  is  to  save  men, 
not  to  entertain  them.  But  one  of  the  surest  ways 
to  keep  them  saved  is  to  keep  them  interested  in 
one  another  and  wholesomely  entertained.  The 
country  pastor  may  well  study  tlie  science  and  art 
of  entertaining  people  in  groups. 

(5)  Hospi-  Qj^g  Q-f  -f-jjg  most  marked  graces  of  the  country 
church  is  its  hospitality.  Everybody  is  cordially 
welcomed  by  everybody,  and  one  is  often  embar- 
rassed by  the  very  abundance  and  warmth  of  invi- 
tations to  the  houses  of  the  people.  Upon  this 
grace  the  social  life  of  the  church  rests,  and  it 
should  be  carefully  cultivated. 

6.  spiritiiai      Such  is  the  material,  intellectual  and  social  life 

Lifs 

of  the  average  country  church.  This  is  the  sub- 
stantial environment  in  which  its  spiritual  life 
must  grow.  AVhat  is  that  spiritual  life  ? 
'  Pure^and  Faith  lives  easily  in  the  country ;  in  the  city  it 
Simple  is  kept  alive  with  difficulty.  Here  men  see  God  in 
the  works  of  his  own  hands,  in  the  great  silent  for- 
ests, in  cloud  and  sunshine,  in  the  varied  pro- 
cesses of  nature,  like  the  growing  of  grain  and  the 
instincts  of  animals.  Here  they  hear  his  voice  in 
the  singing  of  the  birds  and  in  the  roar  of  the 
storm.  Here  in  the  cali^  and  silence  they  can  heal 
him  speak  in  the  chambers  of  their  souls.     Thej 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  139 

believe  in  the  Bible,  in  the  Church  of  Christ,  in 
tlie  power  of  simple  goodness  here  and  in  the  real- 
ity of  the  hereafter.    In  the  conutry  men  believe. 

Country  people  happily  are  the  great  conserva-  f^)  inertia 
tives  of  our  national  life.  IsTew  ideas  spread  slowly 
among  them,  and  they  unwillingly  part  with  an  old 
idea  simple  because  it  is  old  and  they  are  ac- 
quainted with  it.  This  habit  of  mind  is  specially 
noticeable  in  spiritual  matters,  and  tends  to  be- 
come pure  inertia.  They  are  too  often  prone  to 
stay  in  their  present  state  of  mind  and  heart  and 
conscience  and  activity.  Powerful  influences  from 
without  and  from  within  must  be  brought  to  bear 
wisely  and  persistently  to  move  them  to  new  activ- 
ities and  to  sustain  them. 

The  final  reliance  of  the  rural  church,  as  of  all  <3'  ^^p- 

.       ports 

churches,  for  the  origin  and  maintenance  of  its  preachin{? 
spiritual  life  is  the  Holy  Spirit  sent  from  God  in 
answer  to  believing  prayer.  But  in  its  support 
he  is  pleased  to  use  certain  human  agencies.  The 
first  of  these  in  importance  is  the  regular  faithful 
preaching  of  the  Gospel.  Emphasis  should  be  put 
upon  the  supreme  value  of  the  stated  preaching  of 
a  regular  pastor.  Inferior  preaching  is  not  de- 
sired in  the  country  more  than  elsewhere.  The 
very  best  is  needed,  the  whole  message  of  God 
should  be  spoken,  not  merely  the  emotional  and 
hortatory  element.  There  is  pressing  need  of  care- 
fully planned  courses  of  earnest  teaching,  furnish- 
ing a  broad  and  deep  basis  for  the  building  of 


140  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

strong  characters,  a  mighty  setting  forth  of  funda- 
mental truth  in  its  relation  to  life.  Experience 
has  shown  that  lasting  good  com.es  to  these  churches 
from  carefully  planned  evangelistic  services  held 
during  the  summer  season  or  lato  fall  vt^hen  farm 
work  slacks  somewhat  These  occasions  have 
proved  the  spiritual  birth-place  of  thousands  of  the 
best  workers  in  the  land. 
Sunday  ^^^  ^^  ^^  most  notable  facts  of  our  day  is  the 
School  truly  wonderful  growth  of  the  Sunday  School 
movement  in  extent  and  power.  On  the  ISTorth 
American  Continent  there  are  no  fewer  than  four- 
teen millions  directly  engaged  as  teachers,  oiBcers 
or  pupils  in  this  gracious  work.  The  old  idea  of 
this  institution  as  a  place  where  pious  persons  with 
more  or  less  fitness  gather  the  children  of  the 
Church  for  more  or  less  effective  teaching  and 
worship  is  giving  place  to  a  better.  God's  blessing 
has  ever  been  on  this  work,  however  unskilled  the 
workers  and  however  imperfect  their  methods.  The 
modem  school  comes  with  a  sufficient  course  of  in- 
struction, with  dignified  ideals  of  worship,  with 
adequate  material  equipment  and  with  an  admira- 
bly adapted  organization  to  bring  all  the  people 
under  its  saving  and  uplifting  power.  In  its  sim- 
plest form  it  does  not  require  elaborate  buildings 
or  expensive  apparatus,  but  in  an  effective  way 
gathers  the  children  and  grown  people  of  a  com- 
munity for  the  study  of  the  Bible  and  for  worship 
of  the  most  high  God.    In  its  piore  elaborate  forms 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  141 

it  is  fully  equal  to  any  reasonable  task  laid  upon 
it  One  of  its  chief  elements  of  usefulness  in  the 
country  is  that  it  does  not  require  the  presence  of 
preachers  or  of  professionally  trained  persons, 
however  desirable  they  may  be.  It  meets  every 
Sunday  and  is  alveays  an  invitation  to  study  and  an 
effort  at  redemption.  Time  and  again  rural 
churches  have  been  kept  from  perishing  by  theii* 
Sunday  Schools.  The  wise  worker  in  the  rural 
districts  will  give  particular  attention  to  the  growth 
of  the  Sunday  School. 

It  needs  no  argument  to  prove  that  religious  Books 
books  and  papers  are  powerful  allies  in  the  sup- 
port of  the  spiritual  life.  The  Sunday  School 
library  is  the  fountain  from  which  many  a  thirsty 
youth  has  drunk.  It  is  a  sad  fact  that  from  ignor- 
ance, poverty  or  carelessness,  or  from  all  three 
combined,  the  average  country  home  is  ill  supplied 
with  good  literature.  Libraries  of  good  religious 
books  can  now  be  rented  at  a  reasonable  rate  for 
a  limited  time.  A  little  co-operation  in  any  con- 
siderable neighborhood  will  result  in  raising  funds 
enough  with  which  to  start  a  church  library. 

A  review  of  the  facts  above  recited  will  impress 
one  with  the  thought  that  the  forces,  material,  so- 
cial and  spiritual,  now  at  work  are  not  specially 
favorable  to  the  rural  church.  Its  regeneration  is 
of  the  highest  importance  because  the  churches 
themselves  considered  are  eminently  worthy  of 
it.     It  must  be  considered  that  the  town  and  city 


6.    Its  Re- 
generation 


142  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

churches  are  recruited  largely  from  this  source. 
If  these  members  are  well  taught  and  well  trained 
at  home,  then  their  entrance  to  the  new  and  larger 
life  of  the  city  will  not  draw  them  from  the 
church.  To  the  country  church  we  have  learned 
through  long  years  of  experience  to  look  for  a  fresh 
supply  of  ministers.  How  shall  this  regeneration 
be  effected  ?  First  of  all  it  should  be  repeated  that 
this  work  must  proceed  from  the  Holy  Spirit.  It 
must  come  from  within.  Illumination,  vision,  de- 
sire, conviction,  adequate  action,  result  from  his 
presence  in  the  heart  and  life  of  the  Church.  ISToth- 
ing  should  be  allowed  to  obscure  this  momentous  -■ 
fact.  All  progress  is  the  result  of  the  union  of 
divine  and  human  energy.     Some  effective  methods 

are  here  suggested. 
(1)  Social  f° 

Betterment      Communities  are  not  regenerated  in  a  moment  i 

as  a  whole.  Each  individual  must  be  changed. 
This  fact  does  not  in  the  least  alter  the  necessity, 
of  dealing  with  the  Church  as  a  whole,  each  con- 
gregation being  regarded  as  a  social  unit.  Plans 
large  enough  to  affect  the  whole  must  be  devised, 
and  adequate  action  must  be  initiated.  One  great 
dominating  policy  must  be  adopted,  and  all  the  ele- 
ments of  the  whole  must  be  brought  to  contribute 
to  its  out-working.  About  fifteen  years  ago  in 
Toronto  a  young  man  just  from  the  seminary  took 
charge  of  a  new  field.  At  the  first  service  in  spite ' 
of  a  good  deal  of  advertising  there  was  no  one 
present  except  the  minister  and  some  students  who 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  143 

bad  come  to  aid  bini.  But  the  young  man  had  a 
vision,  and  towards  it  he  worked  patientl}',  rely- 
ing on  God  for  guidance  and  results.  By  and  by 
this  work  began  to  gather  persons  around  it  and  a 
church  was  organized.  From  the  first  the  young 
man  sought  to  have  them  see  his  vision  of  a  church 
committed  as  a  whole  to  the  firm  belief  that  it  ex- 
isted to  make  Jesus  known  in  all  the  world.  They 
caught  the  vision  and  to-day  there  are  four  hundred 
and  fifty  members  with  a  pastor  at  home  and  one 
beyond  the  seas.  The  social  unit  was  moved  in  the 
direction  of  the  vision. 

T-.-iT  .  n  11  (2)  Sunday 

it  IS  indeed  a  serious  matter  for  a  church  to  schooiim- 
neglect  to  use  to  its  fullest  capacity  the  modern  provement 
idea  of  Sunday  School  work.  I^To  other  argument 
is  needed  than  that  children  and  youth,  hitherto 
the  largest  field  of  its  endeavors,  are  w^orth  saving 
for  their  own  sakes.  Our  zeal  should  be  quickened 
when  we  remember  that  this  is  one  of  the  church's 
most  effective  agencies  for  salvation.  Then,  too, 
upon  the  salvation  and  training  of  the  young  de- 
pends the  effectiveness  of  the  Church  of  to-mor- 
row. Through  the  home  department  and  special 
classes  for  adults  the  Sunday  School  is  giving  proof 
of  its  ability  to  deal  with  the  mature  life  of  the 
Church.  The  Church  of  to-morrow  is  present  in 
the  young  life  of  to-day.  'No  pains  therefore  should 
be  spared  to  bring  the  Sunday  School  in  the  coun-- 
try  to  the  highest  degree  of  efficiency. 


144  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

(3)  Younff  In  addition  to  the  Sunday  School,  whose  chief 
^^c^etfes  work  is  to  study  the  Word,  nearly  all  denomina- 
tions to-day  encourage  the  organization  of  Young 
People's  Societies,  whose  principal  care  is  to  train 
for  work.  Millions  of  young  folks  scattered  over 
the  whole  earth  are  now  being  trained  to  habits  of 
definite  daily  Bible  study  and  prayer ;  to  conduct 
a  prayer-meeting  acceptably;  to  study,  pray  for, 
and  give  to,  missions;  to  take  active  part  in  hun- 
dreds of  ways  in  the  work  of  the  local  church.  The 
leadership  of  the  churches  is  involved  in  this  mat- 
ter of  training  the  young  to  take  the  places  left 
vacant  by  their  parents,  or  to  step  out  with  high 
purpose  to  undertake  some  new  line  of  work.  This 
work  undoubtedly  has  peculiar  difficulties  in  the 
country,  but  none  are  insurmountable. 
8  The  In-  Beyond  all  doubt  the  minister  of  the  Gospel  is 
strmnents  ^Yiq  chief  human  ae-ent  in  this  reconstructive  work. 

( 1 )  Ministers  ^        .    .  i     i  i  j 

In  numberless  cases  ministers,  young  and  old,  need 
a  new  vision  of  the  condition  and  relations  of  the 
country  charges.  They  are  too  often  viewed  as  a 
practice  ground  on  which  to  gain  experience  for 
town  or  city  work.  The  author  wishes  to  record 
here  his  conviction  that,  after  a  ministerial  life  of 
twenty-three  years  spent  in  country,  town  and  city, 
as  teacher,  pastor  and  secretary,  he  has  never  done 
a  piece  of  work  that  was  more  appreciated,  or  more 
immediately  and  permanently  fruitful,  than  the 
three  years  spent  in  ministering  to  four  widely 
scattered  country  churches.     His  heart  turns  to 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  115 

them  jet  with  deep  longing.  Men  of  the  highest 
ability,  with  the  most  genuine  culture,  aflame  with 
zeal  for  their  work,  and  d^a^vn  by  a  real  love  for 
the  people,  are  the  supreme  human  need  of  the 
struggling  country  churches. 

ISText  in  efficiency  to  the  skilful  minister  is  the  '  ^ )  Trained 
trained  worker,  man  or  woman,  each  in  his  or  her 
appointed  sphere.  N^o  man  has  ever  yet  seen  what 
that  man  is  capable  of  who  has  given  himself  en- 
tirely ito  God's  hands  to  be  used  as  he  sees  fit.  One 
of  the  most  pressing  needs  of  our  country  churches 
is  for  their  leaders  to  go  to  institutes,  conferences 
and  summer  training  schools  to  get  their  vision  en- 
larged and  to  learn  the  best  ways  of  working.  The 
officers  of  these  churches  in  particular  need  this 
experience,  and  should  be  urged  to  use  every  op- 
portunity in  reach.  The  young  people  are  pecu- 
liarly susceptible  to  such  influences,  and  their 
leaders  should  be  sent  where  they  can  see  the  best 
methods  under  the  most  wholesome  influences.  The 
college  man  in  his  country  home  and  church  has 
a  special  duty  to  perform.  His  education  is  not 
to  be  viewed  as  a  special  favor  to  be  enjoyed 
alone,  but  as  an  opportunity  for  trained  service  to 
his  fellowmen.  He  should  step  to  the  front  and 
with  God's  help  lead. 

For  one  reason  or  another  our  country  churches  ^3'  Orarani 
suffer  heavily  for  lack  of  thoroughly  effective  or- 
ganization.    In  this  age  of  competition,  the  insti- 
tution that  is  not  organized  throughout  to  do  a 


146  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land  ] 

definite  work  is  doomed  to  be  left  behind  hope- 
lessly.    The  country  church  is  no  exception.     The 
first   principles  of  organization  must  be  taught, 
and  effective  metliods  sought,  found  and  adopted. 
The  officers  of  a  church  should  adopt  a  definite 
policy  bearing  on  every  phase  of  the  church's  life. 
Then  every  member  must  be  brought  into  a  defi- ' 
nite  relation  to  it.     The  women  must  be  sought  out 
and  committed  to  a  definite  responsibility.     The 
men  must  be  enlisted,  each  having  his  own  work 
in  harmony  with  the  whole.     The  instruction  of 
the  church  on  Sunday,  in  the  prayer-meeting,  in 
the  Sunday  School,  in  the  homes  must  be  intelli- 
gently planned.     The  training  of  the  young,  espe- 
cially in  Bible  and  mission  study  and  in  prayer 
must  be  planned  in  the  light  of  God's  Word  and 
of  modern  experience.     The  worship  of  the  church 
in  song  and  in  gifts  must  be  organized  to  be  most 
effective.    What  detail  was  given  to  Moses  by  God 
for  the  organization  of  his  Church !     How  it  em- 
braced all  the  men  and  women  and  children,  and ! 
extended  to  every  conceivable  situation!    In  apos- 
tolic days  the  organization  was  changed,  but  it  was 
no  whit  less  effective.     In  both  cases  the  Church  i 
was  taught  again  and  again  that  it  is  "not  by  might, 
nor  by  power,  but  by  my  Spirit,  saith  the  Lord  of  I 
hosts." 
0.  Why      Multitudes  of  our  young  people  go  from  the  col- 
stand  Idle?  Yq^^  campus  back  to  the  village  or  country  church. 
For  a  few  weeks  they  attend  its  worship,  and  touchi 


A  Problem  of  Reconstruction  147 

its  life.  Why  not  lay  hold  with  prudence  and  joy- 
fully to  see  what  good  may  be  done  ?  Some  go 
back  from  college  to  live  in  the  country.  One  such 
person  may  be  called  by  God  to  undertake  with  his 
help  the  reconstruction  of  the  religious  life  of  a 
whole  community.  Is  God  calling  you  ?  Will 
you  do  what  he  wants  you  to  do  ?  Answer  quickly, 
''Here  am  I,  Lord,  send  me,  send  me !" 

Questions  and   Hints. 

1.  Did  you  come  from  a  country  church  ?  De- 
scribe its  location  and  physical  condition.  Give 
the  description  in  the  text. 

2.  Why  are  country  churches  generally  small  ? 
What  sort  of  buildings  do  they  have?  How  does 
a  scattered  membership  affect  their  life  ?  Bad 
roads  ?  the  weather  ?  vehicles  ? 

3.  Estimate  the  intellectual  life  of  a  rural 
church  ?    How  does  it  affect  religion  ? 

4.  Give  an  account  of  the  social  life.  Estimate 
the  social  influence  of  Sunday  meetings ;  of  fune- 
rals; of  weddings;  of  parties. 

5.  [N^ame  two  leading  characteristics  of  the  spir- 
itual life  of  the  rural  church.  Other  characteris- 
tics ?  ISTame  the  chief  supports  of  the  spiritual 
life.     Estimate  their  relative  importance. 

6.  Why  is  the  regeneration  of  the  country 
churches  important  ?  hat  three  methods  are  sug- 
gested ?     Criticize  these  methods.     Give  others. 


148  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

7.  What  instruments  of  regeneration  are  named  ? 
Whence  comes  the  minister's  authority  ?  Is  he  to 
be  obeyed  ?  What  need  of  trained  leaders  ?  Are 
you  training  to  be  a  leader,  if  God  shall  call  you  ? 
Why  is  organization  necessary  ?  Try  to  sketch  an 
effective  organization  for  your  country  church. 
Criticize  your  plan. 

8.  Make  a  complete  list  of  the  things  you  can  do 
for  your  home  church  in  country  or  village.  Will 
s^ou  do  them  all  ? 


vm 

The  Making  of  a  Boy  :    Box's  Club. 

Boys  are  everywhere,  and  not  one  should  be 
lost.  What  can  be  done  to  save  them  for  God  and 
for  society  ?  It  will  be  well  to  study  them  with 
the  utmost  care.     Let  us  analyze  one  if  we  can. 

I.  His  Body. 

The  greatest  fact  about  a  boy's  body  is  its  well-  i.  itsCon- 
nigh  ceaseless  activity.  There  is  an  intimate  re- 
lation between  health  and  morals.  So  it  is  of 
importance  to  keep  his  body  well.  Cleanliness 
likewise  influences  character,  perhaps  to  a  far 
greater  extent  than  many  of  us  think.  Plenty  of 
soap,  water,  and  towels  is  the  first  condition  to- 
ward his  regeneration.  A  weak  boy  is  apt  to  b« 
cowardly  and  scheming ;  a  strong  one,  overbearing 
and  aggressive ;  a  deformed  one,  distrustful  of 
himself,  suspicious  of  others. 

The  great  end  is  to  get  a  boy  to  take  care  of  2.  its  caxe 
himself.  To  this  end  appeal  should  be  made  di- 
rectly to  reason.  If  that  fail  then  resort  to  pride. 
If  that  fail  a  friendly  talk  with  parents  may  be 
tried.  It  should  always  be  private,  and  great  tact- 
fulness  is  required.  Caution  is  needed  to  pre- 
vent hurting  a  boy's  feelings,  or  offending  his 
personality.  When  an  honest  effort  is  made  to 
149 


150  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

improve,  wise  commendation  is  good  medicine. 
3.  itsEne-  Enemies,  cruel  and  eager,  lie  in  wait  for  him. 
™^®^  Laziness  is  one  of  the  chief  of  these,  leading  to 
stagnation.  Dirt  comes  easy,  stays  easy,  and  seems 
natural,  but  it  is  an  enemy.  Then  tobacco,  es- 
pecially the  cigarette,  strikes  at  nerves  and  heart. 
Beer  and  whiskey  beckon  him  under  the  guise  of 
good  feeling  and  good  fellowship.  At  the  age  of 
puberty,  lust  or  sexual  desire,  coming  as  a  new  ex- 
perience, is  apt  to  lead  to  unchastity.  Friends, 
too,  abound  for  the  boy.  Play  is  his  natural  ele- 
ment and  is  designed  by  God  for  his  good.  Well 
adapted  work  develops  his  habits  of  concentra- 
tion and  persistence,  laying  a  foundation  for  fu- 
ture industry.  Soap  and  water,  liberally  applied 
in  frequent  baths,  keep  the  body  fresh  and  clean. 
Well  directed  athletics  secure  orderly  development 
of  bodily  powers  and  tend  directly  to  manliness 
and  skill.  A  boy  needs  to  practice  restraint  upon 
certain  tendencies  to  eat  too  much.  A  firm  hand 
on  a  boy's  shoulder  has  kept  many  a  fellow 
straight. 

II.    His  Mind. 

1.  Its  Type  Mental  powers  differ  greatly  in  boys,  and  so  it 
is  wrong  to  pour  them  all  into  the  same  mould,  or 
to  require  the  same  work  from  them  all.  One  boy 
likes  mathematics;   another,   geography;  another. 


j  Making  of  a  Boy  151 

physicial  science ;  another,  history.  One  hoy  is  a 
natural  musician,  while  his  companion  is  in- 
fatuated with  mechanics.  The  mental  gift  should 
he  discovered  early  and  ho  made  the  key  to  his 
education  ultimately. 

The  chief  business  of  the  average  American  boy  a.HisLes- 
is  going  to  school,  and  studying  is  his  occupation  sons 
for  nine  months.  Here  is  an  easy  avenue  of  ap- 
proach to  his  inner  life.  Well  directed  questions 
about  his  books  and  lessons  draw  him  out  soon  and 
open  the  way  for  intelligent  sympathy.  The  wise 
leader  forms  an  acquaintance  Avith  teachers  and 
makes  an  alliance  with  the  school.  Wise  entrance 
to  his  school  life  gives  an  nnhindered  opportunity 
to  inspire  him  to  secure  a  liberal  education,  a  thing 
that  is  within  reach  of  every  American  boy. 

One  faces  at  once  the  question  of  his  reading,  cation  out^of 
A  list  of  the  best  five  or  ten  books  for  boys  is  a  school 
valuable  possession.  Keep  them  before  the  boys 
until  they  have  mastered  their  contents.  The 
habit  of  reading  the  best  books  can  be  most  easily 
fixed  in  boyhood  and  will  be  a  source  of  power  and 
happiness  to  him  always.  His  taste  should  be 
carefully  watched.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  teach  boys 
to  begin  early  to  form  their  own  libraries  and  to 
aid  them  in  the  selection  and  purchase  of  the 
books.  A  friendly  visit  with  some  boys  to  the 
public  library  will  open  a  world  of  opportunity 
to  them. 


152  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

4.  Absorp-  A  bo  J  learns  more  perhaps  out  of  school  than 
AssimUation  i^  ^^-  ^^  ^^ts  on  the  world  around  him  like  a 
sponge  on  water — absorbs  it.  He  is  one  enormous 
interrogation  point  to  all  nature  and  persons.  In- 
quisitiveness  is  his  chief  mental  quality,  and  side 
by  side  with  it  is  its  correlative,  acquisitiveness. 
Kearly  every  time  he  asks  a  question  he  gets  a  fact. 
Memory  comes  promptly  to  his  aid  and  the  newly 
gotten  fact  is  laid  away  for  future  use.  Visits 
to  museums,  zoological  gardens,  menageries,  pic- 
ture galleries,  long  rambles  in  the  woods — all  may 
be  m.ade  powerful  allies  in  the  education  of  a  boy. 
The  important  thing  for  the  leader  of  boys  in  their 
education  is  to  become  informed  as  to  conditions 
and  enter  with  real  sympathy  into  their  struggle 
with  m€'n,  books,  and  things. 

III.  His  Sotji/. 

1.  Its  Con-       Observation   and   the   Bible   unite   in  teaching 
dition  •,  .       . 

that  a  boy's  soul  is  sinful.  He  does  wrong  natur- 
ally ;  it  is  a  struggle  to  do  right.  The  fact  is  shown 
in  many  different  ways  in  different  boys,  and  some- 
times in  the  same  boy.  Down  at  the  root  of  his 
thinking,  of  his  feeling,  and  of  his  action  some- 
thing is  wrong.  It  must  be  made  right  before  the 
only  permanently  satisfactory  results  can  be  got- 
ten. 
2.  itsReeren-  This  soul  must  be  touched  by  the  Holy  Spirit 
and  given  spiritual  life  and  poweij     ISTo  other's 


building: 


Making  of  a  Boy  153 

power  is  equal  to  the  task,  and  no  other's  act  secures 
the  result. 

This  quickened  and  awakened  soul  must  turn  to  3-  its  Oon- 
,  1       .  ^  1     .  T  1       •      •.     tj:     version 

goodness  by  its  own  tree  choice  and  begin  its  lue 

of  captivity  to  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

The  struggle  toward  perfect  manhood  being  4.  Ks  up- 
f airly  begun  must  be  continued  forever.  This 
soul  once  sinful,  now  regenerated  and  turning  its 
face  to  God,  needs  spiritual  nurture.  Through 
Bible  study,  prayer,  and  Christian  work,  it  is  fed 
and  grows  towards  the  supreme  ideal  in  Christ. 
These  four  fundamental  facts  about  the  spiritual 
life  must  never  be  lost  sight  of  or  obscured.  By 
careful  attention  to  each  a  boy's  spiritual  life  will 
manifest  itself  in  a  genuine  type  of  Christianity. 

A  boy  being  asked  once  by  his  pastor  what  it  ^  a  Boy's 
was  to  be  a  Christian  replied,  "A  Christian,  Sir, 
is  somebody  that  loves  Christ  and  does  what  he 
commands."  The  boy  had  gone  straight  to  the  very 
root  of  the  mater — love  and  obedience.  Now  a  boy 
will  not  manifest  his  love,  nor  prove  his  obedience 
in  the  same  way  that  an  adult  will.  Our  supreme 
task  is  to  bring  a  truly  healthful  type  or  religion 
to  bear  upon  his  mind,  his  heart,  his  conscience, 
and  his  will,  and  let  his  growth  be  free.  Certain 
traits  will  surely  need  to  be  taught  proper  expres- 
sion. He  will  be  changeable  from  year  to  year, 
or  even  much  more  frequently.  His  idealism  will 
be  always  in  evidence,  for  the  tries  to  be  the  men 
be  reads  about  or  sees  every  day.     Always  and 


154  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

everywhere  he  must  be  doing  things.  His  religion 
is  nothing  if  it  is  not  active.  As  he  approaches 
manhood  he  thinks  less  of  gratifying  himself  than 
of  serving  others ;  his  altruism  becomes  evident. 
Few  things  can  be  more  hurtful  to  a  boy's  religious 
life  than  to  force  it  into  types  perfectly  proper  for 
adults. 
6.  Its  In  the  support  of  his  religious  life  a  boy  needs 
to  be  trained  to  the  proper  use  of  the  Bible. 

(1)  HiB  The  leader's  problem  is  of  a  threefold  nature. 
How  can  he  make  the  Bible  interesting  to  boys? 
How  can  it  be  made  to  appeal  to  him  ?  How  can 
it  be  made  helpful  ?  The  Boy's  Department  of 
the  International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  may  be  consulted  with  pro- 
fit on  all  these  points.  There  is  not  room  here  for 
the  discussion.  Of  one  thing  we  should  make  sure, 
if  possible,  and  that  is  the  formation  of  the  habit 
of  daily  Bible  reading  by  the  boys. 

Prayers  "^^  mother's  knee  is  the  best  place  in  all  the  world 
to  learn  the  first  lesson  in  prayer.  But  by  and  by 
the  boy  ceases  to  pray  at  this  altar.  He  needs  in- 
struction as  to  what  makes  an  intelligent  and  spiri- 
tual prayer  in  its  elements  of  praise,  confession, 
petition,  and  intercession.  By  skilful  dealing,  a 
boy  may  be  induced  to  lead  in  prayer.  Here,  as 
in  Bible  reading,  we  should  earnestly  try  to  have 
the  boy  form  habits  of  daily  prayer,  so  that  it  will 
become  a.  normal  part  of  his  life. 


Making  of  a  Boy  155 

The  boy's  natural  love  of  action  can  easily  be  (3)  His 
used  as  the  basis  for  teaching  him  how  to  work  for 
the  church.  Two  considerations  must  be  kept  in 
mind  here — that  the  work  must  be  adapted  to  hia 
capacity,  and  that  it  must  be  varied.  It  is  best  not 
to  allow  him  to  originate  or  direct  his  activity  at 
first,  but  as  he  gains  wisdom  by  experience,  en- 
courage him  to  think  of  things  to  do  and  of  the  best 
way  to  do  them. 

IV.  A  Boy's  SuRnouNBiisrGS. 

It  may  not  be  improper  to  speak  of  his  ancestry  (i)  Ancestry 
in  this  connection.  Too  much  is  sometimes  made 
of  the  influence  of  heredity.  But  no  one  who  hopes 
for  success  in  dealing  with  boys  can  afford  to  be 
blind  to  the  physical,  mental,  and  spiritual  ten- 
dency which  comes  with  the  blood.  Appeal  to 
family  history  is  sometimes  a  powerful  stimulus 
to  a  boy. 

By  home  is  not  meant  simply  the  house  he  lives  (2j  his 
in,  for  that  is  the  shell  of  the  home,  but  the  place  Home 
plus  the  personal  influences  and  interests  located 
there.  "No  one  can  deal  with  a  boy  successfully 
who  does  not  know  his  father,  mother,  brothers  and 
sisters.  The  home  must  be  known,  whether  it  is 
rich  or  poor,  or  neither;  whether  it  is  in  the 
country,  village,  town  or  city.  It  is  well  to  know 
what  sort  of  a  place  the  boy's  room  is,  for  it  is 
apt  to  be  an  expression  of  the  boy's  tastes  and 
habits. 


156  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

C3>  His      A  boy's  associates  are  an  index  to  his  character, 
Groip  because  he  chooses  them  freely,  if  left  alone,  and 
he  chooses  them  because  they  suit  him.     His  en- 
vironment is  fixed  for  him,  because  he  is  not  self- 
controlling.     It  is  of  the  highest  importance  to 
know  the  size  and  constitution  of  the  group  of 
which  he  is  a  part.     Its  origin,  leaders,  purposes, 
history — in   a  word   its  life  must  be   accurately 
known.     Its  influence  on  the  boy  is  certainly  one 
of  the  most  powerful  that  aifects  him, 
( 40  His      _^Q  mentioned  above,  the  school  claims  most  of  a 
boy's  waking  hours  for  five  days  in  the  week  and 
nine  months  in  the  year.      It  fills  a  very  large 
place  in  his  surroundings.     Its  size,  its  quality,  its 
life,  its  direct  influence,  and  that  of  the  school- 
spirit  must  be  reckoned  with. 
t5)  HiB      For  three  months  every  summer,  the  boy  is  free 
from  the  restraints  of  the  school.     Its  freedom  is 
at  once  his  danger  and  his  opportunity.     Help  him 
to  plan  for  it.     He  must  be  occupied  in  some  way. 
What  shall  be  his  work  ?     Where  ?     His  hours  ? 
His  associates  ?     What  is  to  be  the  spirit  of  his 
work  ?    Temptations  will  come  in  the  shop  or  store 
or  office.     Can  we  help  him  to  bear  them  ?     The 
possession  and  free  use  of  his  money  is  another 
temptation.     Where  is  he  to  go  for  his  outing  ? 
Is  it  to  be  in  the  country,  by  the  sea  shore,  or  in 
the  mountains,  or  on  some  welcoming  farm  ?     Is 
he  to  travel  ?    It  may  be  made  an  opportunity  for 
his  improvement  in  all  matters.     It  is  sure  to  bring 


Making  of  a  Boy  157 

;  its  temptations.      Teach  him  how  to  make  it  a 

!  blessing  to  himself  and  to  everybody  about  him. 

Possibly  his  outing  is  to  be  on  the  co-operative 

plan  in  the  establishment  of  a  club  camp  under 

1  wise  leadership.      The  time   and  place  must  be 

I  selected  with  care.     The  equipment  must  be  plain 

!  but  sufficient — a  tent,   or  tents,   heavy  blankets, 

rough  clothes,  and  old  shoes,  tin  cups  and  plates, 

iron  knives  and  forks  and  pewter  spoons,  tin  pans 

and  cans,  frying  pan  and  dutch  oven,  kettle  and 

i  water  bucket.     Things  to  eat  in  great  abundance, 

i  but  good  and  wholesome.     Then  come  balls  and 

bats,  tennis  balls  and  rackets,  fishing  hooks  and 

,  lines,  and  axe  and  hammer  and  nails,  some  simple 

medicines   and  needles   and  thread  and  buttons. 

.  Then  Bibles  and  some  good  reading  for  leisure 

I  hours  fill  out  the  essential  equipment.     What  pos- 

I  sibilities  lie  locked  up  here  for  social  mingling 

with  the  boys  when   they   are  most  inclined  to 

communicate  and  are  open  to  direct  influences. 

The  great  purposes  of  the  outing  must  be  kept 

well  in  view — recreation;   personal  acquaintance 

and  the  discovery  of  points  of  contact ;  Bible  study 

and  nature  study;  and  direct  personal  work  for 

Christ. 

V.  Working  With  Boys. 

Secure  grip  upon  them  can  be  secured  only  after  (i)  How  to 
much  thought  and  prayer.     Ill  considered  plans  ^®*^°^^ 


158  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

will  not  answer  here,  the  strain  is  too  great.  One 
must  seek  the  parents,  so  that  after  consultation 
mutual  understanding  and  co-operation  may  be 
gained.  Boys  must  be  visited  'personally  to  get 
them  to  talk  and  let  you  into  their  lives  through 
the  exhibition  of  their  treasures — "things."  An 
informal,  and  now  and  then  a  formal,  invitation 
to  your  home  will  help  to  get  hold  on  them.  The 
discovery  of  a  boy's  "gift"  will  give  you  an  im- 
mediate entrance  to  his  life ;  he  will  feel  that  you 
understand  him.  After  all  one  must  have  certain 
adaptability  to  boy-life,  whether  natural  or  ac- 
quired, and  then  persistence  and  patience  must 
come  to  the  rescue. 

(2)  How  to  Boys  love  action  and  variety.  Satisfy  their  love 
Hold  on  £qj.  ]3q^^  ^\^q  inventive  faculty  must  be  used  to 
the  fullest  extent  to  inform  and  interest  and  lift 
them  up.  Boys  gifts,  as  for  mechanics,  music,  art, 
declamation,  &c.,  should  be  cultivated.  The  in- 
exhaustible resources  of  tact,  the  irresistible  force 
of  unchanging  determination,  and  the  introduction 
of  God's  power  through  prayer  will  all  be  needed. 
Think  of  the  beauty  of  redeemed  boyhood,  and  the 
glory  of  the  manhood  that  is  to  be. 

(3)  Meeting's      Enough  has  been  said  above  to  indicate  the  pur- 

for  study  p^gg  ^^^  methods  of  this  meeting.     It  should  be 
and  Worship      ,  ,    .,  ,  .   ,  .       °, 

added  here  that  special  attention  should  be  given 

to  the  singing  of  boys.     Experience  proves  that 

they  love  to  sing  when  led  skilfully  and  given  the 

best  words.    Get  the  boys  who  seem  to  be  able  to 


Making  of  a  Boy  159 

sing  best  to  form  a  club  choir.    It  will  be  useful  on 
many  occasions. 

Meetings  of  purely  social  character  should  be  c4\  social 
regularly  held  with  the  purpose  to  satisfy  social  Meetings 
cravings;  to  cultivate  social  graces,  as  politeness, 
order,  deference,  ease  of  manner,  to  study  boys' 
life  in  action.  Their  time  should  be  selected  so  as 
not  to  interfere  with  school  or  church  duties.  The 
meeting  should  be  short  so  that  the  boys'  rest  may 
not  be  taken  from  them.  If  possible,  a  stated  place 
should  be  provided.  The  cJmracter  of  this  meeting 
should  be  carefully  studied.  Sometimes  it  should 
be  purely  recreational,  when  games,  conundrums, 
puzzles,  engimas,  "stunts,"  and  simple  dramatics 
form  the  chief  items  of  the  program.  Sometimes 
they  should  be  educational,  consisting  of  lantern 
exhibits,  talks  on  science  and  art  and  processes  of 
manufacture.  The  best  stories  may  be  read  and 
the  best  jokes  told,  and  all  be  made  glad  with 
songs. 

Every  boy's  club  should  make  provision  for  an  (6)  com- 
abundance  of   comrnittee   work.     Every   merriber  ™i**e® 

'^  Work 

should  be  on  at  least  one  committee.  The  commit- 
tees should  be  given  definite  work  to  do  in  a  stated 
time  and  be  held  responsible  for  it.  This  work 
should  be  divided  out  until  every  boy  has  it  under- 
stood just  what  he  has  to  do.  All  committees  and 
every  member  of  each  committee  must  be  held  to 
a  strict  account  of  the  work  assigned. 


160  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

(6)  A  Mis-       ]^^Q  boy's  club  should  consider  its  policy  as  com- 

slonary     ^  .•;  •■,•,.  .."^  ,. 

Meeting-  plote  Without  providing  lor  a  missionary  meeting. 
Both  Home  and  Foreign  Missions  should  have  con- 
sideration, and  plans  for  it  should  be  made  far  in 
advance.  The  purpose  of  this  meeting  should  be  to 
inform  boys  accurately  about  missions,  to  win  their 
approval,  to  gain  thir  co-operation,  and  to  secure 
personal  surrender  to  the  idea.  It  should  be  in 
charge  of  a  missionary  committee^  which  should  be 
composed  of  some  of  the  best  loys  in  the  club.  It 
should  meet  at  a  definite  time  and  place,  and  its 
work  should  be  carefully  divided  out  amongst  the 
members.  The  program  should  provide  for  every- 
body's taking  some  part.  It  should  have  variety, 
brevity  and  spirituality.  It  should  have  action  and 
move  forivard  to  a  definite  purpose.  In  the  club 
there  should  be  a  mission  study  class,  to  be  com- 
posed of  eight  or  ten  earnest  boys  under  a  com- 
petent leader.  A  definite  text  book  should  be  taken 
up  and  regular  lessons  recited  at  a  certain  place 
and  time.  The  meeting  should  instruct  the  boys 
in  the  principles  of  and  encourage  them  to  practice 
scriptural  giving,  which  is  individual,  systematic 
and  proportionate.  Here  too  they  should  learn  to 
sing  some  of  the  really  great  missionary  hymns. 
These  meetings  may  be  greatly  improved  if  the 
boys  have  access  to  curios,  photographs,  books, 
leaflets,  charts,  scrapbooks,  and  now  and  then  en- 
joy a  really  good  missionary  address,  especially 
from  a  missionary. 


Making  of  a  Boy  161 

VI.  A  Boy  and  Jestjs. 

Boy's  clubs  have  different  objects  in  view.  Some 
are  purely  social;  some  are  industrial;  and  some 
have  more  than  one  purpose.  From  the  christian 
worker's  standpoint  there  can  be  but  one  great, 
dominating  purpose,  viz. :  to  bring  boys  to  Christ 
and  bring  them  up  in  him.  All  the  plans  that 
have  been  suggested  herein  are  intended  as  helps 
in  this  direction.  If  they  do  not  lead  to  him  they 
fail  of  their  highest  aim,  however  much  good  they 
may  do  otherwise.  The  boys  around  our  colleges, 
or  near  our  homes  present  an  unsurpassed  oppor- 
tunity for  christian  enterprise  and  work.  Boys' 
clubs  exist  in  all  the  great  cities  and  in  many  of 
the  smaller  ones.  The  students  at  Harvard,  Prin- 
ceton, Ann  Arbor,  Toronto  and  elsewhere  are  doing 
an  immense  good  amongst  the  boys  through  their 
clubs.  The  Boys'  Department  in  the  City  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  welcomes  the  co-opera- 
tion of  young  men.  There  is  need  for  young  men 
to  enter  the  boy's  secretaryship.  Here  are  the 
boys;  here  are  the  methods  which  experience  has 
tested  and  approved;  and  here  is  the  blessed  op- 
portunity. Here  they  come — with  shouting  and 
noise  and  laughter,  the  precious  boys !  Who  wiU 
take  hold  and  lead  them  to  Jesus  Christ  as  Saviour 
and  Lord  ? 


162  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

Questions  and  Hints. 

I.  Discuss  the  relation  of  a  boy's  body  to  his 
morals.  Compare  his  physical  enemies  and 
friends. 

II.  How  do  boys  differ  mentally  ?  How  can  his 
school  be  used  as  a  point  of  contact?  What  can 
be  done  to  help  a  boy  with  his  reading  ?  Can  you 
make  out  a  list  of  good  books  for  boys.  What  does 
a  boy  learn  outside  of  school. 

III.  Discuss  the  four  fundamental  facts  as  to  a 
boy's  spiritual  nature.  Do  you  understand  what 
is  meant  by  each  ?  Discuss  the  leading  character- 
istics of  a  boy's  religion.  What  are  its  main  sup- 
ports ?    Estimate  the  value  of  each  ? 

IV.  What  influence  has  heredity  on  a  boy  ?  Give 
illustrations  of  your  answer.  What,  explicity,  does 
a  home  do  for  a  boy?  Estimate  the  influence  of 
his  social  group  on  a  boy.  Of  his  school.  Describe 
an  ideal  vacation  of  three  months,  giving  only  the 
main  points. 

V.  Suggest  methods  for  getting  a  hold  on  boys. 
How  may  it  be  maintained  ?  Make  a  program  for 
an  interesting  social  meeting  for  boys,  l^ame  some 
of  the  principles  that  govern  good  committee  work. 
What  are  the  points  in  a  good  program  ?  What 
should  a  missionary  meeting  provide  for  in  detail  ? 

VI.  What  is  the  all-controlling  purpose  of  a 
christian  boy's  club  ?  Give  some  facts  to  prove  that 
boys  are  accessible  to  you.    By  corresponding  find 


Making  of  a  Boy  16S 

out  what  college  boys  are  doing  for  boy's  clubs, 
and  report  on  the  subject  to  the  class.  Find  out 
what  the  need  is  for  Boy's  Secretaries.  What  is 
your  college  doing  for  the  boys  around  it?  What 
are  you  doing? 

Books  of  Eeference, 

The  Boy  Problem.  Forbush. 
Work  for  Boys.     A  quarterly  journal  edited  by 
Forbush. 

The  Association  Boy.     A  bi-monthly  journal. 
From  One  to  Twenty-One.  Murray.  A  pamphlet. 
Psychology  of  Religion.  Starbuek. 


Conclusion. 

In  bringing  these  studies  to  an  end  it  will  be  Look  Back 
well  to  turn  our  minds  back  over  the  course.  We 
have  seen  how  the  church  of  Christ  came  to  our 
shores  and  spread  over  our  goodly  land;  how 
the  religious  destitutions  of  our  advancing  fron- 
tiers have  been  supplied  by  heroic  effort;  how  the 
incoming  multitudes  of  foreigTiers  challenge  us  to 
bring  them  into  subjection  to  Jesus ;  how  the  mil- 
lions of  colored  people  in  the  South  call  urgently 
for  spiritual  uplift;  how  the  intricate  problems 
of  the  modern  city  require  vigorous,  adequate  ef- 
fort to  redeem  it  to  God ;  how  the  isolation  of  the 
mountaineer  must  be  broken  with  the  offer  of  a 
full  American  chance ;  how  the  country  church 
calls  for  sympathetic  reconstruction ;  how  the  mul- 
titudes of  American  boys  offer  a  large  field  for  the 
investment  of  one's  life.  These  are  not  mere  ab- 
stract problems,  to  be  investigated  and  dropped. 
They  are  problems  of  real  life.  Here  are  matters 
affecting  the  quality  and  permanence  of  our  civi- 
lization. Far  more,  here  are  matters  involving  the 
immortal  destiny  of  millions  upon  millions  of  our 
fellow-citizens.  To  turn  from  the  careful  con- 
sideration of  each  of  them  is  to  play  the  coward. 

From  the  backward  glance  let  our  eyes  be  turned  Look  within 
within.      The   underlying  facts   in   each   case   in 
their  relation  to  us  cannot  be  denied.     Our  vision 
is  clear.     In  each  of  us  who  claim  Jesus  as  Lord 

165 


166  The  Call  of  the  Home  Land 

there  is  a  certain  consciousness  of  power  to  do 
given  by  the  spirit  of  God.  Few  there  are  who 
will  confess  that  they  have  no  desire  to  take  part 
in  this  fundamental  work;  we  want  to  help.  To 
all  of  us  there  comes  the  clear  voice  of  conscience 
urging  "You  ought!  You  must!  You  ought! 
You  must!"  There  is  no  escape  from  the  moral 
imperative. 

Dt.  E.  I.  Bosworth,  that  irresistible  teacher  of 
men,  has  given  us  a  most  satisfying  definition  of 
human  life.  He  says,  "human  life  is  the  situation 
created  by  the  infinite  ingenuity  of  the  heavenly 
Father  in  which  to  train  his  children  to  use  power 
after  friendly  fashion."  Living  we  are,  power  we 
have,  God  is  our  father.  Opportunities  many  and 
varied  has  he  thrust  upon  us.  Shall  we  not  use 
this  power  for  the  brothers  about  us  to  lift  them  to 
God?  Look  up.  God  is  near.  He  calls  to-day. 
Who  will  say  him  nay  ? 

What  shall  be  the  ultimate  type  of  christian  man- 
hood to  prevail  in  America?  There  is  here  now 
such  a  combination  of  national,  racial,  and  religi- 
ous types  as  the  world  has  never  seen  before  under 
one  government.  We  are  brothers — all  brothers. 
Shall  we  set  our  faces  forward,  animated  by  a 
deep-set  purpose  and  inspired  by  an  unfailing  hope 
that  we  will  here  produce  such  a  type  of  christian 
manhood  as  the  world  has  never  seen?  The  day 
nears  high  noon  and  is  bright.  The  future  is 
unfilled,  save  with  the  good  God,  and  he  beckons 
113  to  fellowship  and  glory. 


INDEX 


Adventists,  27. 

Africa,  51;  Statistics,  71, 
94. 

Agents — at  work,  32;  used, 
44,  45,  46. 

Alabama,  41,  83,  115;  Sta- 
tistics, 116. 

Albemarle  Pippin,  118. 

Alleghany  Mountains,  32, 
37. 

America,  16-26,  38,  51,  53, 
66. 

American — Heathen,  21; 
Church  Life,  25;  Chris- 
tianity, 26;  S.  S.  Union, 
37,  38,  39;  Workingman, 
55;  Colonies,  41,  72. 

Anecdote— Negro,  76,  78-79. 

Appalachian  Mountains,  9, 
115. 

Arkansas,  Statistics,  116. 

Arminian,  24,  25. 

Army  Statistics,  54. 

Articles,  Thirty-nine,  24. 

Asia,  94. 

Atlantic— Coast,  20;  Sea- 
ports, 22,  35,  115. 

Austria — Pop.  per  sq.  mi., 
55. 

Baltimore— Lord,  21;  City, 
97,  106. 

Bancroft,  18. 

Baptists,   21-23,   25,   27,  32, 

167 


86,   102,   135. 

Barbadoes,  34. 

Belgium — Pop.  per  sq.  mi., 
55. 

Berlin,  94, 

Bible — Translation,    16. 

Bibliography,  30. 

Blackstone  Island,  21. 

Books  of  Reference,  49,  70, 
92,  131,  132,  163. 

Boston,  72. 

Boy— His  Body,  149,  150; 
His  mind,  150-152;  His 
Soul,  152-155;  His  Sur- 
roundings, 155-157;  Work- 
ing with  Boys,  157-160; 
A  Boy  and  Jesus,  161. 

Brainerd,  David,  22. 

British,   40,   126. 

Cabot,  John  and  Sebastian, 
15. 

Calcutta,  94. 

California,  31,  40. 

Calvin,  John,  16, 17;  Creed, 
20;   Calvinism,  25. 

Canada,  31,  63. 

Carolinas,  20,  32;  Statis- 
tics, 116;  North,  117, 119, 
123,  126. 

Carter,  Robert,  38. 

Catholic — Missions  in  the 
U.  S.,  18;  Statistics,  27, 

Cavalier,  19,  21,  32. 


168 


INDEX 


Chalmers,  Dr.  Thos.,  38. 

Champlain,  18. 

Chesapeake,  35. 

Chicago,  97. 

Christian — Connection,  27 ; 
Scientists,  27;  Associa- 
tion, 107,  108. 

Christianity  —  Entrance 
through  the  South,  17; 
American,  25,  26;  Cor- 
rupt, 51;  In  U.  S.,  72. 

Christians — at  Home,  9, 
32;  or  Disciples,  21,  22, 
23. 

Church— oldest  (Church) 
building  in  U.  S.,  17; 
Statistics,  22,  23,  24; 
Government,  25;  Boards, 
102. 

City  Missions— No  Cities 
Once,  93;  Increase  in 
Number,  93,  94;  Increase 
in  Size,  94;  Business  in 
Cities,  94,  95;  Concentra- 
tion of  Executive  Power, 
95,  96;  Manufacturing 
Centers,  96;  Distributing 
Centers,  97;  Educational 
Centers,  97,  98;  Social 
Life,  98,  99;  The  Slums, 
99,  100;  Redemption  of 
the  City,  100;  Division  of 
Classes,  100,  101;  For- 
mality, 101;  Genuine- 
ness, 101;  Great  Preach^ 


ers,  101;  Headquarters 
for  Church  Boards,  102; 
Organized  Work,  102; 
City's  Sin  and  Shame, 
103;  Real  Problem,  103, 
104;  Scientific  Investiga- 
tion, 104,  105;  Remedy, 
105;  Preaching  in 
Church,  105;  In  Tents, 
106;  Special  Services, 
106;  Sunday  School,  107; 
Christian  Association, 
107,  108;  Day  School, 
108;  Visitation,  108;  Set- 
tlements, 108,  109;  Res- 
cue Work,  109;  Salvation 
Army,  109;  City  and 
You,  109,  110. 

Colonial  Days— Difficulties 
encountered,  33. 

Columbus,  15,  17. 

Conclusion  —  Look  back, 
165;  Look  within,  165, 
166;  Look  up,  166;  Look 
forward,  166. 

Congregationalists,  21-23, 
25,  27,  32,  102. 

Connecticut  Gazette,  73. 

Copernicus,  15. 

Cortereal,  15. 

Cortez,  15,  17. 

Cotton,  97. 

Country  Church — Point  of 
Contact,  133,  134;  Mate- 
rial     Conditions,      134 ; 


INDEX 


169 


Plain  Buildings,  135; 
Membership,  135;  Bad 
Roads,  135;  Inclement 
Weather,  135,  136;  Un- 
suitable Vehicles,  136; 
Intellectual  Life,  136; 
Social  Life,  136;  Sunday 
Meeting,  137;  Funeral, 
137;  Wedding,  137,  138; 
Hospitality,  138;  Spirit- 
ual Life,  138;  Faith,  138, 
139;  Inertia,  139;  Sup- 
ports Preaching,  139, 
140;  Sunday  School,  140, 
141;  Good  Books,  141; 
Its  Regeneration,  141, 
142;  Social  Betterment, 
142,  143;  S.  S.  Improve- 
ment, 143;  Y.  P.'s  Socie- 
ties, 144 ;  Instruments, 
144-146;  Why  Stand  Idle, 
146,  147. 

Delaware,  20. 

Denominations,  Seven  larg- 
est, 21. 

Disciples  ( Denomination ) , 
21;  "The  Disciple,"  24; 
(of  Christ,   27). 

Dissenters,  24. 

Distributing  Centers,  97. 

Dorchester,  19,  72. 

Drink  Curse,  10. 

Dunkards,  27. 

Dutch,  20,  24;  Reformed 
Church,   25,   32. 


Edinburg,  38. 
Education,  122,  123. 
Educational     Centers,    97, 

98. 
Edwards,  Jonathan,  22,  36. 
Eighteenth  Century,  22,  24, 

35,  36,  72,  73. 
England,    16,    17;    English 

Colony,    19;    Church    of, 

19,  23,  24,  32,  36;    Inde- 
pendents,   23;     New,    19, 

22,  23,  32,  36,  72;   Slaves 

freed,  72;  109. 
Episcopalians,  21-25,  102. 
Europe — Condition   of,    15, 

16;  21,  26,  54,  55,  56,  72, 

94. 
Evangelical  Bodies,  27. 
Evangelization,   21.  23,   25, 

35-37. 
Fifteenth   Century,   16,  51, 

72. 
Foreign    Born,     Statistics, 

98,  116,  119. 
Fort  Walla  Walla,  40. 
France,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20, 

54,  55. 
French    (Roman   Catholics 

in  North  and  West,  18), 

31. 
Frontier   (Conditions,  41). 

(Work,  41-46). 
Georgia,     20,     33;     North, 

115;  Statistics,  116. 


170 


INDEX 


German  Evangelical  Synod, 

27. 
Germany,  20,  24,  54,  55. 
Glasgow,  37,  38. 
Gould,  Dr.  E.  R.,  55. 
Government,  Churcli,  25. 
Great  Britain,  55. 
Great  Plains,  Across,  40. 
Greek,  54. 
Guinea  Trade,  72. 
Harris,  Joel  Chandler,  78. 
Hayti— Island  of,  17. 
Hebrews,  51. 
Henderson,  Ky.,  39. 
Henry  VIII,  16. 
Holland,  16,  17,  25. 
Huguenots,  20. 
Illinois,  38,  39. 
Illiteracy,    Statistics,    116; 

123. 
Immigration,  37. 
Immigrants — Origins,     Bl; 
Numbers,     51-53;     What 
brought   them   here,    53- 
56;    Reception  in  U.   S., 
56-59;  Need,  59-61;  65-66; 
Methods  of  Work,  61;  Dis- 
tribution,   61-63;     Work, 
63;  Schools,  63;  Church, 
63-65;  Great  Experiment, 
66,  67;  Past  Results,  67; 
P^iture,  68. 
Independents,  English,  23. 
Indians,  19,  21,  22,  32,  40, 
41, 


Indiana,  39,  117. 
Industrial  Centers,  10. 
Ireland,  35,  38. 
Italian,  65. 
Jacksonville,  97. 
Jamestown,  Va.,  16,  19,  22, 

31,  41,  72. 
Jefferson,  Thos.,   126. 
Jerusalem,  68. 
Jesuits,  18,  19. 
Jews,  27,  68. 
Kentucky,    39 ;     Statistics, 

116. 
King's  Mt,  126. 
Labrador,  41. 
Lake  Huron,  18. 
Latter    Day    Saints    (Mor- 
mons), 27. 
Liberty    (Civil),    16,    (Re- 
ligious)  21. 
Log  College,  36. 
London,  94,  95. 
Los  Angeles,  97. 
Luther,  Martm,  16,  17,  24. 
Lutherans,   20,   21,   22,   24, 

25,  27,  32. 
McCullough,  Rev.  Jno.  H., 

37. 
Magellan,  15. 
Makemie,  Rev.  Francis,  34, 

35.  J 

Manhattan,  31. 
Manufacturing  Centers,  96. 
Martin,  Jno.  C,  Education 
Fund,  87. 


INDEX 


171 


Maryland,  Romanists  in, 
20,  21;  Eastern  Shore, 
25,  35. 

Medici,  Catharine  de,  16. 

Mennonites,  27. 

Methodists,  22,  24,  25,  27, 
32,  86,  135. 

Mexico,  17,  31;   New,  31. 

Michael-angelo,  15. 

Middle  States,  20;  West, 
38. 

Ministers,  Statistics,  22,  24. 

Mission  Study,  best  meth- 
ods, 10-13. 

Missionary,  Home,  44,  45. 

Mississippi  River,  18,  19, 
31,  32,  37,  38,  39. 

Missouri,  Statistics,  116. 

Montreal,  19. 

Moravians,  20. 

Mormons,  10,  27,  31. 

Mountaineers  of  South — 
Their  Home,  115,  116; 
Physical  Conditions,  116; 
Soil,  Rivers,  Climate, 
116,  117;  Products,  117, 
118;  Isolation,  118,  119; 
The  People — Their  Ori- 
gin, 119,  120;  Classes, 
120,  121;  Their  Condi- 
tion, 121-125;  Character- 
istics, 125,  126;  Respon- 
siveness, 126,  127;  Meth- 
ods of  Work,  127;  The 
Church,    127,    128;     The 


School,   128;    Self   Help, 

128,  129;    Results,    129; 
The    Mountains    and    I, 

129,  130. 

Mt.  Mitchell,  116. 

Negroes — Origin,  71;  Their 
Condition,  71;  Brought 
out  by  Force,  72;  Ap- 
pearance in  America,  72, 
73;  Condition  Under 
Slavery,  73;  Total  Re- 
sults of  Slavery,  73,  74; 
Emancipation,  74;  Re- 
construction, 74,  75; 
Some  Matters  Settled, 
75,  76;  Present  Condi- 
tion, 76-86;  Some  Statis- 
tics, 86;  Supreme  Need, 
86-89;  Methods,  89;  Com- 
mon View  Point,  89. 

Neshominy  Creek,  35. 

Netherlands,  16. 

New  Jersey,  20. 

New  Orleans,  97. 

Newport,  R.  I.,  72. 

New  York,  20,  24,  25,  32, 
35,  38,  62,  95,  106. 

Nineteenth  Century,  23,  37- 
41,  56,  74,  77-79,  83,  93, 
94. 

Norfolk,  35,  97. 

Norway,  24. 

Odessa,  94. 

Oregon,  40. 

Oxford,  36. 


172 


INDEX 


Ozark  Mountains,  118. 

Pacific  Coast,  31,  32;  40,  41. 

Painting,   15. 

Paris,  94, 

Papacy,  power  of,  16;  Per- 
secution, 20. 

Pennsylvania,  20,  32,  35. 

Philadelphia,  106. 

Pilgrims,  19,  23,  31. 

Pioneer  Types,  34. 

Pizarro,  15. 

Plymouth  Rock,  19,  31. 

Population,  U.  S.,  (1775), 
22;  Foreign  born,  51,  52, 
53,  55;  Negro,  77;  U.  S., 
93,  94;  City,  94,  95;  98, 
116,  119. 

Presbyterians,  22,  25,  27, 
35,  45,  46,  102. 

Princeton  University,  36. 

Printing,  15. 

Problem,  the  first,  22; 
Church's,  32;  Real,  103, 
104. 

Protestant,  Faith,  19;  Be- 
ginnings, 19;  Colonies,  20, 
21;  Episcopal  Church, 
23,  24,  25,  27,  31,  51. 

Protestantism,  Puritan  and 
Cavalier  Types,  21,  32. 

Psychology,  Negro,  78. 

Puddefott,  31. 

Puritans,  19-21,  32. 

Quaker,  20. 

Quarantine,  56-58. 


Quebec,  18. 

Questions  and  Hints,  27-30, 

46-49,    68-70,    89-92,    110- 

113,  130-131,  147-148,  162- 

163. 
Races,  51,  66,  67. 
Raphael,  15. 
Reformed,    Faith,    16,    17; 

Churches,  25;  Dutch,  25, 

32,  27. 

Religious  Life — Europe,  15; 
New  World,  20,  22;  of 
City,  100,  102;  Original 
Forces,  21;  Types,  25; 
Denominations  in  U.  S., 
27;  Persecutions,  55,  56; 
124. 

Revolutionary  War,  37, 
126. 

Rhode  Island,  22. 

Rio  Grande,  41. 

Rocky  Mountains,  32,  40, 
41. 

Roman  Catholic  —  First 
Chapel  in  the  New 
World,  17;  French,  18, 
31,  21;  Missionaries,  31; 
in  Maryland,  20;  Eng- 
lish, 20.  21;  22,  24,  40, 
102. 

Rome,  94. 

Russia,  54,  55,  56. 

Saint  Lawrence  River,  18, 
3L 

Saint  Petersburg,  94. 


INDEX 


173 


Salvation  Army,  109. 

San  Miguel.  17,  31. 

Santa  Fe,  17,  31. 

Savannah,  Ga.,  77. 

Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish, 
20,  32. 

Scotland,  25,  38. 

Sculpture,  15. 

Seventeenth  Centui-y,  19, 
20,  22,  23,  24,  25,  34,  72. 

Sevier,  John,  126. 

Sixteenth  Century,  15,  16, 
17,  18,  40,  72. 

Spain.  16,  17. 

Statistics,  denominations 
in  U.  S.,  22,  27;  Baptist, 
22.23;  Foreign  born  pop., 
51,  52,  53,  98;  Army,  54; 
Pop.,  55;  Quantity  con- 
sumed by  workingman, 
55;  Railroad,  56;  Immi- 
grant, 62.  63;  Africa,  71; 
Negro,  72.  77,  79.  80.  82. 
83,  86,  87,  98;  U.  S.,  93. 
94;  City,  94,  95;  Bank, 
95;  Manufacturing  Cen- 
ters, 96;  Educatiou.  97. 
116. 

Strong's  Social  Progress. 
51,  52,  55,  71,  80,  82,  86, 


93,  94,  95. 

Sunday  School,  American 
Union.  37,  38,  39.  45,  64, 
107,  140,  143. 

Sweden,  20,  24. 

Tennent.  Rev.  William,  Sr., 
35,  36. 

Tennessee,   Statistics,  116; 

East.  120.  123,  126. 
Toronto,  31. 
Turk.  54. 

Twentieth  Century,  79.  93, 
96,  116,  123. 
Unitarians,  27. 
United  Brethren,  27. 
Universalists,  27. 
Virginia,    Colony,    19,    23, 

32,  34,  35,  116,  120. 
Washington.      State,      40; 

Booker,  80,  82. 
Wesley.  John,  24,  36. 
West    Virginia,    Statistics, 

116. 
Westward  Movement  of  the 

Frontier,  31. 
Whitefield,  George.  36. 
Whitman,  Rev.  Marcus.  40. 
Williams.  Roger.  22. 
Workingman.  55. 
Yukon.  41. 


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